Molecular signaling in cancer stem cells of tongue squamous cell carcinoma: Therapeutic implications and challenges

Table 1 Clinical trials currently active for head and neck squamous cell carcinoma

Region	Drug name	Target	Phase	NCT number
Worldwide	Everolimus	Inhibitor of mTOR	I	NCT01637194
	Cetuximab	Monoclonal anti-EGFR antibody
	Bevacizumab (with fluorouracil and hydroxyurea)	Anti VEGF-A antibody	I	NCT00023959
	Trastuzumab (with IL-12)	Monoclonal anti-EGFR antibody	I	NCT00004074
	Erlotinib	Tyrosine kinase receptor (EGFR)	I, II	NCT00101348
	Cetuximab	Monoclonal anti-EGFR antibody
	With or without bevacizumab	Anti VEGF-A antibody
	Erlotinib hydrochloride	Tyrosine kinase receptor (EGFR)	I, II	NCT00101348
	Cetuximab	Monoclonal anti-EGFR antibody
	Erlotinib hydrochloride	Tyrosine kinase receptor (EGFR)	I	NCT00397384
	Cetuximab	Monoclonal anti-EGFR antibody
	Zalutumumab (after radiotherapy)	Monoclonal anti-EGFR antibody	III	NCT00496652
	Temsirolimus	mTORC1 inhibitor	II	NCT01256385
	With or without cetuximab	Monoclonal anti-EGFR antibody
	Cetuximab	Monoclonal anti-EGFR antibody	II	NCT00939627
	Sorafenib tosylate	Tyrosine kinase inhibitor
	Cetuximab	Monoclonal anti-EGFR antibody	II	NCT01316757
	Erlotinib hydrochloride	Tyrosine kinase receptor (EGFR)
	Varlilumab	Monoclonal anti-CD27 antibody	I, II	NCT02335918
	Nivolumab	Monoclonal anti-PD-1 antibody
	MEDI7247	Monoclonal anti-ASCT2 antibody conjugated with pyrrolobenzodiazepine dimer	I	NCT03811652
	Cetuximab with lenalidomide	Monoclonal anti-EGFR antibody	I	NCT01254617
	Durvalumab	Monoclonal antibody that blocks PD-1/PD-L1 interaction	I	NCT03144778
	With or without tremelimumab	Monoclonal antibody against CTLA-4
	Sitravitinib	Inhibitor of receptor tyrosine kinases	Early phase I	NCT03575598
	Nivolumab	Monoclonal anti-PD-1 antibody
	Nivolumab	Monoclonal anti-PD-1 antibody	I	NCT03229278
	Pembrolizumab with trigriluzole	Monoclonal anti-PD-1 antibody
	BKM120	PI3K inhibitor	I, II	NCT01816984
	Cetuximab	Monoclonal anti-EGFR antibody
	FATE-NK100		I	NCT03319459
	Cetuximab	Monoclonal anti-EGFR antibody
	Trastuzumab	Monoclonal anti-EGFR antibody
	Nivolumab with SBRT	Monoclonal anti-PD-1 antibody	II	NCT02684253
	BYL719	PI3K inhibitor	II	NCT03292250
	Poziotinib	EGFR inhibitor
	Nintedanib	Angiokinase inhibitor
	Abemaciclib	CDK4 and CD6 inhibitor
	Durvalumab	Monoclonal antibody that blocks PD-1/PD-L1 interaction
	Tremelimumab	Monoclonal anti-CTLA-4 antibody
	Nivolumab and tadalafil	Monoclonal anti-PD-1 antibody	Early phase I	NCT03238365
Involving Indian institutes	Gefitinib (Iressa) with cisplatin and radiotherapy	EGFR inhibitor (tyrosine kinase inhibitor)	II	NCT00229723
	Lapatinib	EGFR inhibitor (tyrosine kinase inhibitor)	II	NCT00371566
	Gefitinib with methotrexate	EGFR inhibitor (tyrosine kinase inhibitor)	III	NCT00206219
	P276-00 with EBRT	CDK inhibitor	I, II	NCT00899054
	P276-00	CDK inhibitor	II	NCT00824343
	Lapatinib with chemoradiation	EGFR inhibitor (tyrosine kinase inhibitor)	III	NCT00424255
	Lapatinib with chemoradiation	EGFR inhibitor (tyrosine kinase inhibitor)	II	NCT00387127
	MEDI4736	Monoclonal antibody blocking interaction between PD-L1 with its receptors	III	NCT02551159
	Tremelimumab with chemotherapy	Monoclonal anti-CTLA-4 antibody

SBRT: Stereotactic radiation therapy.