Purinergic receptors and nucleotide processing ectoenzymes: Their roles in regulating mesenchymal stem cell functions

Figure 1 Surface network of purinergic receptors and nucleotide ectoenzymes on mesenchymal stem cells. On the basis of the recent findings, all the purinergic receptors and ectoenzymes whose presence has been ascertained on mesenchymal stem cells through qPCR analyses and/or demonstration of a clear physiological function (see text for references) are shown. Furthermore, both ATP and β-NAD stimulation mechanisms and metabolisms are summarized as an example of the finely tuned extracellular balance between nucleotides and nucleosides and their pleiotropic effects. CX43 HC: CX43 hemichannels; Ade: Adenosine; NMP: Nicotinamide monophosphate; ER: Endoplasmic reticulum; RyR1,3: Ryanodine receptors 1 and 3.