Engineering ligament tissues: Synergistic power of aligned nanofibers and cyclic stretch

Figure 1 Future outlook of multi-factorial synergistic strategies for ligament engineering. The diagram illustrates a holistic approach to ligament tissue engineering by combining three key factors: Scaffolds, biological factors, and mechanics. Scaffolds, represented by a three-dimensional-printed structure, include strategies such as three-dimensional bioprinting, smart biomaterials, and nanofiber architecture. Biological factors, shown in a test tube, involve growth delivery, gene therapy, and immune modulation. Mechanics, symbolized by a wrench, are optimized through dynamic loading systems and bioreactor optimization. Together, these three pillars work synergistically to provide a comprehensive strategy for advancing ligament repair and regeneration. Created in https://BioRender.com. 3D: Three-dimensional.