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World J Stem Cells. Aug 26, 2026; 18(8): 114716
Published online Aug 26, 2026. doi: 10.4252/wjsc.114716
Published online Aug 26, 2026. doi: 10.4252/wjsc.114716
Extracellular vesicle therapeutics for cardiac regeneration: Overcoming standardization hurdles
Rui-Qin Xue, Wei-Xi Gao, Yu-Xiang Liu, Xiao-Shuang Zhou, Department of Nephrology, Shanxi Provincial People’s Hospital, The Fifth Clinical Medical College of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030012, Shanxi Province, China
Jun-Yan Hou, Lin-Hao Zhang, First Clinical College, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Jinzhong 030691, Shanxi Province, China
Yu-Xiang Liu, Xiao-Shuang Zhou, Big Data Center of Kidney Disease, Shanxi Provincial People’s Hospital, Shanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease, Taiyuan 030012, Shanxi Province, China
Yu-Xiang Liu, Xiao-Shuang Zhou, Medicinal Basic Research Innovation Center of Chronic Kidney Disease, Ministry of Education, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, Shanxi Province, China
Yu-Xiang Liu, Xiao-Shuang Zhou, College III of Clinical Medicine, Shanxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Taiyuan 030024, Shanxi Province, China
Co-corresponding authors: Yu-Xiang Liu and Xiao-Shuang Zhou.
Author contributions: Xue RQ contributed to the literature review, original draft preparation, and visualization (figure creation); Hou JY and Gao WX participated in data curation, formal analysis, and manuscript revision; Zhang LH assisted in validation and resources; Liu YX and Zhou XS contributed equally to this manuscript and are co-corresponding authors. Liu YX and Zhou XS supervised the study, provided critical feedback, and acquired funding; Liu YX acted as the lead corresponding author, overseeing the project administration and final manuscript approval. All authors have read and approved the final manuscript.
Supported by Natural Science Research Project of Basic Research Program in Shanxi Province, No. 202203021221268; National Natural Science Foundation of China, No. 82305030; and the Special Fund from Medicinal Basic Research Innovation Center of Chronic Kidney Disease, Ministry of Education, Shanxi Medical University, No. CKD/SXMU-2024-04.
Conflict-of-interest statement: All the authors report no relevant conflicts of interest for this article.
Corresponding author: Yu-Xiang Liu, MD, PhD, Professor, Department of Nephrology, Shanxi Provincial People’s Hospital, The Fifth Clinical Medical College of Shanxi Medical University, No. 29 Shuangta Temple Street, Yingze District, Taiyuan 030012, Shanxi Province, China.
Received: September 27, 2025
Revised: November 26, 2025
Accepted: January 19, 2026
Published online: August 26, 2026
Processing time: 328 Days and 3.9 Hours
Revised: November 26, 2025
Accepted: January 19, 2026
Published online: August 26, 2026
Processing time: 328 Days and 3.9 Hours
Core Tip
Core Tip: This article systematically summarizes the findings and mechanisms elucidated by ShamsEldeen et al, based on current preclinical evidence, outlines the key challenges and countermeasures in translating extracellular vesicle - based therapies into clinical practice - paving the way for future clinical applications that may benefit a broader patient population, including but not limited to those with cardiac diseases. Furthermore, it provides a preliminary outlook on strategies for optimizing therapeutic efficacy, scaling up production, and expanding into diverse disease areas.