Papadopoulos KI, Sutheesophon W, Manipalviratn S, Aw TC. Age and genotype dependent erythropoietin protection in COVID-19. World J Stem Cells 2021; 13(10): 1513-1529 [PMID: 34786155 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v13.i10.1513]
Corresponding Author of This Article
Konstantinos I Papadopoulos, MD, PhD, Chairman, Chief Doctor, Director, Department of Research and Development, THAI StemLife, 566/3 Soi Ramkhamhaeng 39 (Thepleela 1), Prachaouthit Road, Wangthonglang, Bangkok 10310, Thailand. kostas@thaistemlife.co.th
Research Domain of This Article
Infectious Diseases
Article-Type of This Article
Review
Open-Access Policy of This Article
This article is an open-access article which was selected by an in-house editor and fully peer-reviewed by external reviewers. It is distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited and the use is non-commercial. See: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
Somjate Manipalviratn, Department of Reproductive Endocrinology, Jetanin Institute for Assisted Reproduction, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
Tar-Choon Aw, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Changi General Hospital, Singapore 529889, Singapore
Tar-Choon Aw, Department of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119228, Singapore
Author contributions: Papadopoulos KI had the original idea on the hypothesis concept and composed the manuscript; Sutheesophon W, Manipalviratn S and Aw TC assisted in literature search, and all have made substantial, direct, and intellectual contributions to the work; all authors critically assessed the manuscript and approved it for publication.
Conflict-of-interest statement: Authors declare no conflict of interests for this article.
Open-Access: This article is an open-access article that was selected by an in-house editor and fully peer-reviewed by external reviewers. It is distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited and the use is non-commercial. See: http://creativecommons.org/Licenses/by-nc/4.0/
Corresponding author: Konstantinos I Papadopoulos, MD, PhD, Chairman, Chief Doctor, Director, Department of Research and Development, THAI StemLife, 566/3 Soi Ramkhamhaeng 39 (Thepleela 1), Prachaouthit Road, Wangthonglang, Bangkok 10310, Thailand. kostas@thaistemlife.co.th
Received: May 17, 2021 Peer-review started: May 17, 2021 First decision: June 16, 2021 Revised: June 23, 2021 Accepted: September 19, 2021 Article in press: September 19, 2021 Published online: October 26, 2021 Processing time: 162 Days and 3.3 Hours
Core Tip
Core Tip: Erythropoietin (EPO) appears to mediate an ancestral neuroprotective innate immune response mechanism mitigating tissue injury and pathogen invasion at an early age. Age-dependent but anemia-unrelated EPO elevation has been reported in conditions that threaten the young brain such as prematurity, incipient kernicterus, and malaria. Malaria protective genetic determinants such as the angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) D allele and the thalassemias can raise EPO and extend their protection against coronavirus disease 2019 in an age-dependent manner but could turn detrimental in genetically predisposed adults. ACE2 could represent a “bait” for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 to induce ACE/ACE2 imbalance and angiotensin II engendered protective EPO increase at a young age irrespective of genetic predisposition.
