Cedrol ameliorates ulcerative colitis via myeloid differentiation factor 2-mediated inflammation suppression, with barrier restoration and microbiota modulation

Table 1 Disease activity index criteria

Score	Weight loss (%)	Stool condition	Bleeding
0	None	Normal, well-formed	Negative
1	< 5	Soft but formed	Occult blood (+)
2	5-10	Soft	Occult blood (++)
3	10-20	Loose	Occult blood (+++)
4	> 20	Watery diarrhea	Naked bloody stool

Table 2 Histopathological scoring criteria

Score	Inflammation extent	Crypt damage	Ulceration	Edema
0	None	Intact crypt architecture	No ulcer	Absent
1	Scattered submucosal cells	Some crypt damage	Small focal ulcers	Present
2	Focal submucosal infiltrates	Increased crypt spacing, goblet cell loss, crypt shortening	Frequent small ulcers
3	Focal submucosal, lamina propria infiltrates	Large crypt-deficient areas amid normal crypts	Extensive surface epithelial loss
4	Extensive submucosal, lamina propria, perivascular infiltrates	Crypt absence
5	Transmural inflammation

Table 3 Primer sequence

Gene	Forward	Reverse
TNF-α	5’-CCCCAAAGGGATGAGAAGTTC-3’	5’-CCTCCACTTGGTGGTTTGCT-3’
IL-1β	5’-GTTCCCATTAGACAACTGCACTACAG-3’	5’-GTCGTTGCTTGGTTCTCCTTGTA-3’
IL-6	5’-CCAGAAACCGCTATGAAGTTCC-3’	5’-GTTGGGAGTGGTATCCTCTGTGA-3’
β-actin	5’-GTCAGGTCATCACTATCGGCAAT-3’	5’-AGAGGTCTTTACGGATGTCAACGT-3’

IL: Interleukin; TNF: Tumor necrosis factor.