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Publication Name
World Journal of Gastroenterology
ISSN
1007-9327
Publisher of This Article
Baishideng Publishing Group Inc, 7041 Koll Center Parkway, Suite 160, Pleasanton, CA 94566, USA

Case Control Study
Copyright ©The Author(s) 2025.
World J Gastroenterol. Dec 14, 2025; 31(46): 113172
Published online Dec 14, 2025. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v31.i46.113172
Table 1 Univariate analysis of biomarker intensities: Comparison of inflammatory bowel disease vs non-inflammatory bowel disease patients, mean ± SD
Biomarker
IBD (n = 155)
Non-IBD (n = 91)
P value
CCL2101 ± 42.9108 ± 43.70.239
CCL51650 ± 10101710 ± 6650.526
CCL7249 ± 135244 ± 1200.761
IL-827.1 ± 1518.93 ± 4.630.138
TSLP269 ± 123265 ± 1320.812
CCL345.6 ± 15.744.0 ± 13.10.409
CXCL1347 ± 289306 ± 2750.267
CXCL2200 ± 197196 ± 2250.892
CXCL93980 ± 32501440 ± 1460< 0.001
IL-18169 ± 187134 ± 2160.204
IL-2252.8 ± 16331.9 ± 13.60.113
TARC326 ± 461331 ± 2410.913
IBD: Inflammatory bowel disease; CCL: C-C motif ligand; CXCL: C-X-C motif chemokine ligand; IL: Interleukin; TARC: Thymus and activation-regulated chemokine; TSLP: Thymic stromal lymphopoietin.
Full Size Table
Table 2 Demographic and disease characteristics, n (%)
All (n = 246)
IBD (n = 155)
Non-IBD (n = 91)
Age at diagnosis median (IQR; year)11.63 (8.56-13.95)11.15 (9.17-15.08)11.68 (8.48-13.83)
Female44 (34.37)10 (35.71)34 (34)
Crohn's disease103 (41.9)103 (66.4)0
UC46 (18.7)46 (29.7)0
IBD-U6 (2.4)6 (3.9)0
Ethnicity
    Western European175 (71.1)106 (68.4)69 (75.8)
    South Asian32 (13)22 (14.2)10 (10.9)
    Other39 (15.8)27(17.4)12 (13.2)
Biologic treatment at 1 year48 (39)
Activity score at diagnosis
    Remission4 (2.58)
    Mild96 (61.93)
    Moderate-severe50 (32.25)
    Missing5 (3.2)
Crohn's disease (n = 103)
    Behavior
        B193 (90.3)
        B26 (5.8)
        B3 4 (3.9)
    Location
        L117 (16.7)
        L230 (39.4)
        L355 (53.4)
        L4 50 (48.5)
Perianal disease 34 (33)
    UC/IBD-U (n = 52)
    Location
        E113 (25)
        E212 (23.1)
        E310 (19.2)
        E417 (32.7)
Diagnosis
    IBS/functional abdominal pain38 (41.8)
    Infection6 (6.6)
    Other inflammatory disease16 (17.6)
    Polyp12 (13.2)
    Other19 (20.9)
Remission: Pediatric ulcerative colitis activity index (PUCAI)[29]/pediatric Crohn's disease activity index (PCDAI)[30] < 10; Mild: PUCAI 10-34, PCDAI 10-30; Moderate-severe: PCDAI > 30, PUCAI > 35. IBD-U: Inflammatory bowel disease unspecified; IBS: Irritable bowel syndrome; IQR: Interquartile range; PCDAI: Pediatric Crohn's disease activity index; PUCAI: Pediatric ulcerative colitis activity index; UC: Ulcerative colitis.
Full Size Table
Table 3 Univariate analysis of biomarker intensities: Comparison of Crohn's disease vs ulcerative colitis, mean ± SD
CD (n = 103)
UC (n = 46)
P value
Female, n (%)32 (31.1)21 (45.7)0.125
Ethnicity, n (%)0.02
    Western European77 (74.8)25 (54.3)
    South Asian9 (8.74)11 (23.9)
    Other17 (16.5)10 (21.7)
Age (year)12.5 ± 2.7113.6 ± 3.070.031
Biomarker
    CCL297.0 ± 36.8111 ± 52.60.113
    CCL51643 ± 11391624 ± 6650.897
    CCL7259 ± 144245 ± 1110.501
    IL-833.2 ± 18614.4 ± 9.540.307
    TSLP268 ± 119290 ± 1300.325
    CCL345.7 ± 15.543.9 ± 9.960.399
    CXCL1318 ± 253385 ± 3530.248
    CXCL2193 ± 155203 ± 2610.814
    CXCL94468 ± 34333171 ± 27630.016
    IL-18190 ± 218128 ± 91.00.016
    IL-2259.5 ± 19940.2 ± 16.90.331
    TARC293 ± 180403 ± 8020.362
CCL: C-C motif ligand; CD: Crohn's disease; CXCL: C-X-C motif chemokine ligand; IL-8: Interleukin 8; TSLP: Thymic stromal lymphopoietin; UC: Ulcerative colitis.
Full Size Table
Table 4 Univariate analysis of biomarker intensities: Comparison of biological treatment initiation by 1 year
No biologic treatment (n = 75)
Biologic treatment (n = 48)
P value
Female, n (%)33 (44.0)12 (25.0)0.052
Ethnicity, n (%)0.56
    Western European50 (66.7)34 (70.8)
    South Asian13 (17.3)5 (10.4)
    Other12 (16.0)9 (18.8)
Age (year)13.0 ± 3.0712.5 ± 2.390.353
Biomarker
    CCL2104 ± 37.1105 ± 54.10.937
    CCL51722 ± 7701798 ± 14790.742
    CCL7283 ± 138269 ± 1080.532
    IL-840.5 ± 21715.1 ± 13.40.316
    TSLP308 ± 106286 ± 1280.323
    CCL344.2 ± 11.946.2 ± 17.30.498
    CXCL1297 ± 257415 ± 3300.039
    CXCL2176 ± 204241 ± 2010.083
    CXCL94087 ± 34704102 ± 28280.979
    IL-18137 ± 123214 ± 2800.08
    IL-2264.9 ± 23343.8 ± 16.00.438
    TARC379 ± 641288 ± 1460.238
CCL: C-C motif ligand; CXCL: C-X-C motif chemokine ligand; IL: Interleukin; TARC: Thymus and activation-regulated chemokine; TSLP: Thymic stromal lymphopoietin.
Full Size Table
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