Growth differentiation factor 15 alters intestinal barrier and increases permeability: A new molecular target in inflammatory bowel disease

Table 1 Demographic characteristics of subjects and biochemical data

	HC (n = 23)	IBD (n = 39)		MI (n = 19)	HC vs IBD
		CD (n = 21)	UC (n = 18)
Sex ratio, female/male (%)	11/12, (47.8/52.2)	11/10, (52.4/47.6)	11/7, (61.1/38.9)	10/9, (52.6/47.4)	NS
Age (years)	45.4 ± 13.6	40.48 ± 12.6	46.3 ± 15.0	78.4 ± 5.8	NS
BMI	24.0 ± 3.3	24.3 ± 5.1	24.2 ± 3.5	28.8 ± 3.9	NS
Current smoker, yes/no (%)	4/19, (17.4/82.6)	8/13, (38.1/61.9)	3/15, (16.7/83.3)	0/19, (0.0/100.0)	NS
Fecal calprotectin	N/A	785.9 ± 1128.2	663.6 ± 1213.7	N/A	N/A
CRP	4.97 ± 5.66	11.2 ± 17.5	8.8 ± 11.3	22.1 ± 23.1	P = 0.006
Glucose	83.5 ± 10.1	85.4 ± 19.9	103.7 ± 81.3	147.8 ± 43.4	NS
Creatinine	0.81 ± 0.16	0.75 ± 0.12	0.76 ± 0.20	1.3 ± 0.4	NS
Urea	26.0 ± 6.3	23.3 ± 11.4	26.2 ± 7.2	52.3 ± 16.2	NS
LDL	123.7 ± 26.2	95.5 ± 32.5	102.1 ± 27.9	85.1 ± 26.5	NS
Haptoglobin	130.4 ± 56.6	147.4 ± 32.9	158.2 ± 97.2	N/A	NS

For age, body mass index, and biochemical parameters from blood test, mean ± SD is represented. HC: Healthy controls; IBD: Inflammatory bowel disease; CD: Crohn’s disease; UC: Ulcerative colitis; MI: Myocardial infarction; CRP: C-reactive protein; BMI: Body mass index; LDL: Low-density lipoprotein; NS: No significance; N/A: Not applicable.

Table 2 Clinical characteristics of patients, n (%)

	Crohn’s disease	Ulcerative colitis
n	21	18
Time of disease (years)	11.3 ± 9.0	13.0 ± 8.5
Treatment
Corticoids	6 (28.6)	2 (11.1)
5-aminosalicylic acid	3 (14.3)	14 (77.8)
Sulfasalazine	3 (14.3)	1 (5.6)
Azathioprine	4 (19.0)	4 (22.2)
anti-TNF	3 (14.3)	1 (5.6)
Disease phenotype	Inflammatory 8 (38.1)	Left-sided colitis 8 (44.4)
	Stricturing 4 (19.0)	Extensive colitis 9 (50.0)
	Fistulizing 7 (33.3)

For the time of disease, mean ± SD is represented. TNF: Tumor necrosis factor.