Role of gut microbiota in the development of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease in inflammatory bowel disease

Table 1 Characteristics of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease and inflammatory bowel disease[2,3,9,10,13-16]

Features	MASLD	IBD
Main location[9,14]	Liver	Gastrointestinal tract: UC inflammation of the colonic mucosa (rectum, sigmoid colon, area beyond the sigmoid colon or entire colon up to the caecum); CD inflammation of the terminal ileum and colon
Type of disease[9]	Metabolic, chronic	Autoimmune-inflammatory, chronic
Risk and progression factors[2,3,9,10,15]	Genetics, epigenetic changes, gut microbiota disorders, cardiometabolic factors, endocrinopathies, obesity, insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome, environmental factors including industrialisation	Genetics, epigenetic changes, gut microbiota disorders, immune response, early life antibiotic therapy, environmental factors, including industrialisation
Complications[9,13,14,16]	Liver cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma, circulatory system diseases, type II diabetes, chronic kidney disease	Extraintestinal lesions, including hepatic: Fatty liver, hepatic amyloidosis, sclerosing cholangitis, autoimmune hepatitis, and liver abscess; Colon cancer
Link between IBD and MASLD[9]	MASLD and MASH are often co-occurring in IBD patients (twice as high a risk)

IBD: Inflammatory bowel disease; MASLD: Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease; MASH: Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis; UC: Ulcerative colitis; CD: Crohn’s disease.