Identification of risk factors for Clostridium difficile infection in older adult hospitalized patients with pressure ulcers

Table 1 Univariate analysis of Clostridium difficile infection in older adult hospitalized patients with pressure ulcers, n (%)

Factor	CDI group (n = 39)	Non-CDI group (n = 81)	P value
Sex			0.169
Male	24 (61.5)	39 (48.1)
Female	15 (38.5)	42 (51.9)
Age, years			0.101
> 80	33 (84.6)	39 (48.1)
≤ 80	6 (15.4)	42 (51.9)
Length of hospital stay, month			0.030
> 2	27 (69.2)	39 (48.1)
≤ 2	12 (30.8)	42 (51.9)
Wound healing time, month			0.578
> 2	27 (69.2)	60 (74.1)
≤ 2	12 (30.8)	21 (25.9)
Duration of nasogastric feeding, month			0.535
> 1	24 (61.5)	45 (55.6)
≤ 1	15 (38.5)	36 (44.4)
Diabetes	12 (30.8)	18 (22.2)	0.311
Duration of antibiotic use, week			0.001
> 2	26 (66.7)	27 (33.3)
≤ 2	13 (33.3)	54 (66.7)
PPI use	25 (64.1)	27 (33.3)	< 0.001
Type of medication
Quinolones	6 (15.4)	9 (11.1)	0.507
Carbapenems	6 (15.4)	5 (6.2)	0.101
Aminoglycosides	2 (5.1)	3 (3.7)	0.751
β-lactams	18 (46.2)	15 (18.5)	0.001

CDI: Clostridium difficile infection; PPI: Proton pump inhibitor.

Table 2 Laboratory indicators of Clostridium difficile infection in older adult hospitalized patients with pressure ulcers

Indicator	CDI group (n = 39)	Non-CDI group (n = 81)	P value
WBC (× 109/L)	7.8 (4.2, 12.6)	8.3 (4.0, 12.0)	0.394
RBC (× 1012/L)	3.29 (2.67, 4.06)	3.33 (2.79, 4.18)	0.631
HGB (g/L)	87 (69, 117)	88 (60, 124)	0.779
PLT (× 109/L)	126 (73, 204)	137 (89, 163)	0.051
CRP (mg/L)	27.5 (2.7, 140.2)	22.5 (2.5, 94.6)	0.285
PCT (ng/mL)	0.46 (0.10, 1.72)	0.43 (0.03, 1.09)	0.669
TB (μmol/L)	13.9 (6.9, 18.9)	15.6 (2.3, 53.4)	0.125
ALT (U/L)	24 (13, 59)	23 (7, 75)	0.745
AST (U/L)	20 (10, 67)	19 (5, 60)	0.451
ALB (g/L)	32.7 (29.8, 46.8)	34.1 (30.7, 55.0)	0.134
BUN (mmol/L)	5.54 (2.70, 9.80)	6.47 (2.38, 18.70)	0.069
Cr (μmol/L)	82 (50, 177)	82 (59, 120)	0.948

CDI: Clostridium difficile infection; WBC: White blood cell; RBC: Red blood cell; HGB: Hemoglobin; PLT: Platelets; CRP: C-reactive protein; PCT: Procalcitonin; TB: Total bilirubin; ALT: Alanine aminotransferase; AST: Aspartate aminotransferase; ALB: Albumin; BUN: Urea nitrogen; Cr: Creatinine.

Table 3 Multifactorial analysis of Clostridium difficile infection in older adult patients with pressure ulcers in the hospital

Factor	OR (95%CI)	P value
Length of hospital stay > 2 month	2.032 (0.776-5.317)	0.148
PPI use	6.952 (2.489-19.415)	< 0.001
Antibiotic use exceeding 2 weeks	5.469 (2.058-14.528)	< 0.001
β-lactam antibiotic use	5.791 (2.071-16.191)	< 0.001

OR: Odds ratio; CI: Confidence interval; PPI: Proton pump inhibitor.