Rate of abnormal renal function index and related risk factors in patients with chronic hepatitis B

Table 1 Baseline characteristics of patients with chronic hepatitis B in the entire cohort

	TN group (n = 214)	TE group (n = 286)	P value
Patient characteristics
Age (years)	43.19 ± 10.75	43.47 ± 10.71	0.77
Male, %	58.4	73.8	< 0.05
Family history, %	48.6	54.9	0.10
Hypertension, %	5.1	5.6	0.50
Diabetes, %	4.7	3.8	0.41
Fatty liver, %	35.0	24.1	< 0.05
Fibrosis, %	40.7	30.8	< 0.05
Cirrhosis, %	5.6	18.9	< 0.05
HCC, %	0	1.7	0.06
Laboratory measurements
ALT, U/L	52.28 ± 108.40	29.12 ± 23.20	< 0.05
AST, U/L	34.73 ± 15.21	24.73 ± 47.77	< 0.05
Total bilirubin, μmol/L	13.49 ± 7.06	14.65 ± 8.70	0.11
Direct bilirubin, μmol/L	5.2 ± 3.29	5.52 ± 3.41	0.31
Blood urea nitrogen, mmol/L	4.59 ± 1.18	4.85 ± 1.14	< 0.05
eGFR, mL/min	94.41 ± 16.97	94.10 ± 16.05	0.83
Cholesterol, mmol/L	4.62 ± 0.93	4.29 ± 0.91	< 0.05
Triglyceride, mmol/L	1.28 ± 1.05	1.25 ± 0.97	0.77
High-density lipoprotein, mmol/L	1.40 ± 0.36	1.28 ± 0.34	< 0.05
Low-density lipoprotein, mmol/L	2.94 ± 0.86	2.72 ± 0.80	< 0.05
Abnormal β2-MG, %	54.2	57.7	0.25

ALT: Alanine aminotransferase; AST: Aspartate aminotransferase; eGFR: Estimated glomerular filtration rate; β2-MG: β2 microglobulin; TE: Treatment-experienced with any nucleos(t)ide; TN: Treatment-naive with any hepatitis B virus antiviral regimen.

Table 2 Characteristics of β2 microglobulin normal and abnormal groups in treatment-experienced patients with any nucleos(t)ide

Patient characteristics	Normal β2-MG (n = 121)	Abnormal β2-MG (n = 165)	P value
Age (years)	43.63 ± 10.88	43.36 ± 10.63	0.83
Male, %	65.3	80	< 0.05
Family history, %	52.1	57.0	0.53
Hypertension, %	5.8	5.5	0.90
Diabetes, %	5.0	3.0	0.40
Fatty liver, %	22.3	25.5	0.64
Fibrosis, %	30.6	30.9	1.00
Cirrhosis, %	18.2	19.4	0.92
HCC, %	1.7	1.8	0.92
HBV DNA-positive, %	15.8	14.6	0.91
ALT, U/L	25.74 ± 22.26	31.6 ± 23.62	< 0.05
AST, U/L	23.33 ± 9.86	25.75 ± 18.12	0.18
Total bilirubin, μmol/L	13.38 ± 5.72	15.59 ± 10.26	< 0.05
Direct bilirubin, μmol/L	5.08 ± 1.90	5.86 ± 4.16	0.06
Blood urea nitrogen, mmol/L	4.74 ± 1.05	4.94 ± 1.20	0.14
eGFR, mL/min	96.06 ± 16.38	92.66 ± 15.70	0.08
Cholesterol, mmol/L	4.30 ± 0.91	4.28 ± 0.91	0.87
Triglyceride, mmol/L	1.16 ± 0.71	1.31 ± 1.13	0.18
High-density lipoprotein, mmol/L	1.33 ± 0.35	1.25 ± 0.32	< 0.05
Low-density lipoprotein, mmol/L	2.75 ± 0.80	2.70 ± 0.80	0.64
Duration of NUC treatment (years)	4.25 ± 3.53	4.30 ± 3.28	0.90

ALT: Alanine aminotransferase; AST: Aspartate aminotransferase; β2-MG: β2 microglobulin; eGFR: Estimated glomerular filtration rate; HBV: Hepatitis B virus; HCC: Hepatocellular carcinoma; NUCs: nucleos(t)ide analog agents.

Table 3 Abnormal rate of urinary β2 microglobulin in different subgroups of treatment-experienced patients with any nucleos(t)ide

		Abnormal rate of β2-MG, %	P value
Age	> 65 years	50.0 (5/10)	0.62
	≤ 65 years	58.0 (160/276)
Sex	Male	62.6 (132/211)	< 0.05
	Female	44.0 (33/75)
NUCs	ETV	54.6 (89/163)	0.47
	TDF	46.7 (7/15)
	TAF	60.5 (26/43)
	NUC switch	66.7 (40/60)
	Others	60.0 (3/5)
Duration of NUC treatment	≤ 2 years	58.3 (60/103)	0.97
	2-5 years	56.8 (63/111)
	≥ 5 years	58.3 (42/72)
HBV DNA	Positive	55.8 (24/43)	0.87
	Negative	58.1 (140/241)

β2-MG: β2 microglobulin; ETV: Entecavir; HBV: Hepatitis B virus; NUCs: nucleos(t)ide analog agents; TAF: Tenofovir alafenamide; TDF: Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate.

Table 4 Correlation between estimated glomerular filtration rate and urinary β2 microglobulin

	Normal β2-MG	Abnormal β2-MG	Total
eGFR > 90 mL/min	71	92	163
eGFR ≤ 90 mL/min	50	73	123
Total	121	165	286

β2-MG: β2 microglobulin; eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate.

Table 5 Characteristics of β2 microglobulin normal and abnormal groups in treatment-naive patients with any hepatitis B virus antiviral regimen

Patient characteristics	Normal β2-MG (n = 98)	Abnormal β2-MG (n = 116)	P value
Age (years)	43.00 ± 10.96	43.34 ± 10.60	0.926
Male, %	50.0	65.5	0.026
Family history, %	53.1	44.8	0.272
Hypertension, %	4.1	6.0	0.555
Diabetes, %	2.0	6.9	0.114
Fatty liver, %	28.6	40.5	0.084
Fibrosis, %	38.8	42.2	0.676
Cirrhosis, %	4.1	6.9	0.553
ALT, U/L	38.76 ± 73.39	63.71 ± 130.14	0.017
AST, U/L	27.95 ± 23.95	40.46 ± 60.59	0.002
Total bilirubin, μmol/L	13.11 ± 6.25	13.81 ± 7.70	0.561
Direct bilirubin, μmol/L	5.01 ± 2.32	5.40 ± 3.92	0.505
Blood urea nitrogen, mmol/L	4.45 ± 1.12	4.71 ± 1.22	0.733
eGFR, mL/min	96.92 ± 18.05	92.28 ± 15.76	0.181
Cholesterol, mmol/L	4.52 ± 0.95	4.71 ± 0.90	0.540
Triglyceride, mmol/L	1.15 ± 0.53	1.3779 ± 1.33	0.008
High-density lipoprotein, mmol/L	1.41 ± 0.36	1.39 ± 0.37	0.669
Low-density lipoprotein, mmol/L	2.88 ± 0.91	2.99 ± 0.81	0.880

ALT: Alanine aminotransferase; AST: Aspartate aminotransferase; β2-MG: β2 microglobulin; eGFR: Estimated glomerular filtration rate.

Table 6 Abnormal rate of urinary β2 microglobulin in different subgroups of treatment-naive patients with any hepatitis B virus antiviral regimen

		Abnormal rate of β2-MG, %	P value
Age	> 65 years	60.0 (3/5)	0.579
	≤ 65 years	54.1 (113/209)
Sex	Male	60.8 (76/125)	< 0.026
	Female	44.9 (40/89)
HBV DNA	Positive	55.7 (98/176)	0.364
	Negative	45.9 (17/37)

β2-MG: β2 microglobulin; HBV: Hepatitis B virus.

Table 7 Correlation between estimated glomerular filtration rate and urinary β2 microglobulin

Number	Normal β2-MG	Abnormal β2-MG	Total
eGFR > 90 mL/min	59	62	121
eGFR ≤ 90 mL/min	39	54	93
Total	98	116	214

b2-MG: b2 microglobulin; eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate.