Pancreatic enzymes and abdominal adipose tissue distribution in new-onset prediabetes/diabetes after acute pancreatitis

Table 1 Characteristics of the study groups at the time of magnetic resonance imaging

Characteristic	Healthy controls (n = 30)	T2DM (n = 30)	NODAP (n = 30)	P value1
Age (yr)	50.0 (36.5-68.8)	55.5 (41.8-66.3)	58.5 (48.5-67.3)	0.213
Men, n (%)	21 (70.0)	21 (70.0)	21 (70.0)	1.000
Body mass index (kg/m2)	24.0 (21.8-28.1)	30.3 (26.4-35.4)	27.5 (24.1-32.7)	< 0.001
Waist-height ratio	0.5 (0.5-0.5)	0.6 (0.5-0.6)	0.6 (0.5-0.6)	< 0.001
Triglycerides (mmol/L)	1.0 (0.6-1.2)	1.7 (1.3-3.7)	2.2 (1.3-3.6)	0.035
Total cholesterol (mmol/L)	4.5 (3.4-5.6)	5.1 (3.9-5.8)	5.1 (4.1-5.7)	0.388
HDL cholesterol (mmol/L)	1.2 (0.8-1.8)	1.2 (0.9-1.4)	1.2 (1.1-1.4)	0.680
LDL cholesterol (mmol/L)	2.7 (2.0-3.4)	2.7 (1.6-3.3)	2.6 (2.1-3.5)	0.542
Fasting insulin (mIU/L)	11.8 (4.8-16.6)	12.2 (8.2-17.2)	13.3 (7.4-18.3)	0.523
HOMA-IR (mIU/L·mmol/L)	2.8 (1.2-3.3)	3.3 (2.1-5.1)	3.3 (1.9-5.3)	0.244
Smoking status2	0 (0-1)	0 (0-1)	1 (0-1)	0.016
Alcohol consumption (g/wk)	39 (4.5-96)	12 (6-144)	12 (0-108)	0.279
Amylase (U/L)	29.0 (20.2-33.9)	20.2 (14.0-31.5)	28.7 (19.4-33.3)	0.158
Lipase (pg/mL)	7.2 (5.5-8.7)	7.6 (5.9-10.5)	6.5 (5.5-8.6)	0.340
Chymotrypsin (U/L)	6.2 (5.2-7.1)	4.6 (2.9-6.7)	5.9 (4.9-6.6)	0.314

Data are presented as median and interquartile range or percentage.

¹P values were from one-way analysis of variance.

²Smoking status was classified as either ever-smokers or never-smokers.

T2DM: Type 2 prediabetes/diabetes mellitus; NODAP: New-onset prediabetes/diabetes after acute pancreatitis; HDL: High-density lipoproteins; LDL: Low-density lipoprotein; HOMA-IR: Homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance.

Table 2 Differences in abdominal fat phenotypes between the study groups

Fat phenotype	Overall1	T2DM vs NODAP	T2DM vs healthy controls	NODAP vs healthy controls
Intra-pancreatic fat (%)
Model 1	< 0.001	0.290	< 0.001	0.001
Model 2	0.002	0.555	0.001	0.004
Model 3	0.001	0.440	0.001	0.001
Model 4	0.003	0.187	0.002	0.012
Liver fat (%)
Model 1	0.416	0.806	0.322	0.211
Model 2	0.681	0.457	0.983	0.465
Model 3	0.556	0.998	0.393	0.312
Model 4	0.612	0.428	0.329	0.801
Skeletal muscle fat (%)
Model 1	0.348	0.148	0.516	0.420
Model 2	0.329	0.137	0.455	0.489
Model 3	0.585	0.319	0.692	0.544
Model 4	0.477	0.243	0.551	0.460
Visceral fat (cm3)
Model 1	< 0.001	0.093	< 0.001	0.001
Model 2	0.010	0.596	0.005	0.012
Model 3	0.001	0.249	< 0.001	0.003
Model 4	0.005	0.787	0.012	0.003
Subcutaneous fat (cm3)
Model 1	0.013	0.214	0.003	0.082
Model 2	0.740	0.488	0.508	0.987
Model 3	0.038	0.245	0.012	0.081
Model 4	0.034	0.063	0.009	0.301

¹Overall P values were from one-way analysis of variance in model 1 (unadjusted) and one-way analysis of covariance in models 2-4 (adjusted as described below). Data are presented as P values. Fisher’s least significant difference method was used in pair-wise comparison. Model 2: Adjusted for age and sex; Model 3: Adjusted for age, sex, triglycerides, and glycated hemoglobin A1c; Model 4: Adjusted for age, sex, triglycerides, glycated hemoglobin A1c, use of antidiabetic medications, average weekly alcohol consumption, and smoking status. T2DM: Type 2 prediabetes/diabetes mellitus; NODAP: New-onset prediabetes/diabetes after acute pancreatitis.

Table 3 Associations between abdominal fat phenotypes and pancreatic enzymes

Fat phenotype		Healthy			T2DM			NODAP
		β	S.E.	P value	β	S.E.	P value	β	S.E.	P value
Intra-pancreatic fat (%)
	Pancreatic amylase	-0.832	2.220	0.712	0.573	1.709	0.741	-2.201	0.899	0.023
	Pancreatic lipase	0.258	0.421	0.546	-0.631	0.397	0.876	1.343	1.462	0.367
	Chymotrypsin	-0.137	0.179	0.452	-0.579	0.610	0.343	0.164	0.270	0.550
Liver fat (%)
	Pancreatic amylase	0.685	0.444	0.140	-0.022	0.157	0.890	-0.493	0.331	0.151
	Pancreatic lipase	-0.136	0.089	0.141	-0.134	0.351	0.709	-0.098	0.280	0.730
	Chymotrypsin	0.002	0.040	0.967	-0.071	0.069	0.314	0.059	0.051	0.259
Skeletal muscle fat (%)
	Pancreatic amylase	-0.570	0.595	0.351	-0.241	0.474	0.619	-0.185	0.125	0.151
	Pancreatic lipase	0.195	0.093	0.047	-1.345	0.912	0.161	-0.071	0.446	0.875
	Chymotrypsin	-0.023	0.044	0.609	-0.129	0.105	0.238	-0.014	0.086	0.868
Visceral fat (cm3)
	Pancreatic amylase	0.002	0.005	0.664	0.000	0.002	0.841	-0.004	0.002	0.028
	Pancreatic lipase	-0.588	0.839	0.490	-3.247	0.462	0.493	0.533	0.250	0.833
	Chymotrypsin	-0.314	0.362	0.394	0.287	0.566	0.619	0.240	0.458	0.606
Subcutaneous fat (cm3)
	Pancreatic amylase	0.003	0.002	0.224	0.000	0.002	0.821	-0.002	0.001	0.232
	Pancreatic lipase	-0.573	0.482	0.246	-2.032	3.444	0.564	-0.036	1.931	0.985
	Chymotrypsin	-0.030	0.215	0.890	-0.527	0.534	0.338	-0.091	0.350	0.797

Data are presented as beta coefficients, standard errors, and P values (from linear regression). T2DM: Type 2 prediabetes/diabetes mellitus; NODAP: New-onset prediabetes/diabetes after acute pancreatitis.