Post-immunotherapy second-line strategies for hepatocellular carcinoma: State of the art and ongoing trials

Figure 1 Rationale for combining immune checkpoint inhibitors and tyrosine kinase inhibitors for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma. MHC: Major histocompatibility complex; TCR: T-cell receptor; CD: Cluster of differentiation; ICIs: Immune checkpoint inhibitors; CTLA-4: Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4; PD-1: Programmed death-1; PD-L1: Programmed cell death ligand 1; TKI: Tyrosine kinase inhibitor; PI3K: Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase; AKT: Protein kinase B; JAK: Janus tyrosine kinase; STAT: Signal transducer and activator of transcription; MAPK: Mitogen-activated protein kinase.

Figure 2 Mechanism of action of bispecific antibodies and their theoretical advantages over the administration of two separate monoclonal antibodies. CD: Cluster of differentiation; CTLA-4: Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4; PD-1: Programmed death-1; FC: Fragment crystallizable region; NK: Natural killer.