Clinical characteristics and risk factors of refractory gastroesophageal reflux disease: A multicenter cross-sectional study

doi:10.3748/wjg.v31.i45.113060

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World Journal of Gastroenterology

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1007-9327

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Baishideng Publishing Group Inc, 7041 Koll Center Parkway, Suite 160, Pleasanton, CA 94566, USA

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World J Gastroenterol. Dec 7, 2025; 31(45): 113060
Published online Dec 7, 2025. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v31.i45.113060

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Figure 1 Flowchart of patient inclusion. Flow diagram illustrating the selection process for patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) in outpatient clinics at multiple hospitals in Shanghai from December 2023 to June 2024. After applying the exclusion criteria, 911 patients with GERD were included in the final analysis, which included 256 patients with refractory GERD and 655 patients with non-refractory GERD. GERD: Gastroesophageal reflux disease; RDQ: Reflux diagnostic; pH: Potential of hydrogen; PPI: Proton pump inhibitor; P-CAB: Potassium-competitive acid blockers.

Citation: Zhang N, Wang Y, Fang SS, Han M, Zheng QW, Zhu YY, Zhang MY, Li JJ, Cui LX, Tian JL, Deng YH, Zhu SL, Ni HM, Zhou L, Zuo GL, Huang TS, Liao Q, Li XQ, Shang YY, Wang YJ, Tian Y, Ge LY, Han HQ, Hu WM, Jiang Y, Li YJ, Mao X, Yang LH, Yao JM, Zheng X, Wang HW, Fang SQ. Clinical characteristics and risk factors of refractory gastroesophageal reflux disease: A multicenter cross-sectional study. World J Gastroenterol 2025; 31(45): 113060
URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/1007-9327/full/v31/i45/113060.htm
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v31.i45.113060

Zhang N, Wang Y, Fang SS, Han M, Zheng QW, Zhu YY, Zhang MY, Li JJ, Cui LX, Tian JL, Deng YH, Zhu SL, Ni HM, Zhou L, Zuo GL, Huang TS, Liao Q, Li XQ, Shang YY, Wang YJ, Tian Y, Ge LY, Han HQ, Hu WM, Jiang Y, Li YJ, Mao X, Yang LH, Yao JM, Zheng X, Wang HW, Fang SQ. Clinical characteristics and risk factors of refractory gastroesophageal reflux disease: A multicenter cross-sectional study. World J Gastroenterol 2025; 31(45): 113060 [DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v31.i45.113060]

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