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Nov 28, 2025 (publication date) through Dec 1, 2025
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World Journal of Gastroenterology
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1007-9327
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Baishideng Publishing Group Inc, 7041 Koll Center Parkway, Suite 160, Pleasanton, CA 94566, USA

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Copyright ©The Author(s) 2025.
World J Gastroenterol. Nov 28, 2025; 31(44): 109440
Published online Nov 28, 2025. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v31.i44.109440
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Figure 1 Macrophage differentiation under steady-state and disease conditions. IL: Interleukin; TNF: Tumor necrosis factor α.
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Figure 2  Cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway.
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Figure 3 Acetylcholine regulates intestinal macrophage function. Mφs: Macrophages; Ach: Acetylcholine; α7nAChR: Α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor; TNF: Tumor necrosis factor α; NTS: Nucleus tractus solitarius.
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