RGS4 in gastric cancer: A multifaceted regulator of focal-adhesion-kinase -phosphatidyl-inositol-3-kinase - protein-kinase-B signaling and epithelial-mesenchymal transition beyond tumor progression

Figure 1 Regulation of phosphoinositide 3-kinase/protein kinase B, mitogen-activated protein kinase, and Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathways by regulator of G-protein signaling 4 and their crosstalk. GF: Growth factor; GPCR: G protein-coupled receptor; PIP: Prolactin-induced protein; PTEN: Phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome ten; AKT: Protein kinase B; GSK-3β: Phosphorylate glycogen synthase kinase 3β; mTOR: Mammalian target of rapamycin; FAK: Focal adhesion kinase; FOXO: Forkhead box O; E-cadherin: Epithelial cadherin; FZD: Frizzled; LRP: Low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein; DvI: Dishevelled; GBP: GSK3-binding protein; APC: Adenomatous polyposis coli; TCF: T cell factor; LEF: Lymphoid enhancer factor; cyc-D: Cyclin D; ZEB1: Zinc finger E-box-binding homeobox 1; CRH: Corticotropin-releasing hormone; PTH: Parathyroid hormone; RTK: Receptor tyrosine kinase; GRB2: Growth factor receptor-bound protein 2; SOS: Son of sevenless; Ras: Rat sarcoma virus oncogene; Raf: Rapidly accelerated fibrosarcoma; IRS1: Insulin receptor substrate 1; MLK: Mixed-lineage kinase; MKK: MAP kinase kinase; JNK: Jun N-terminal kinase; MKP: MAP kinase phosphatase; PTP: Protein tyrosine phosphatase; P38: P38 mitogen-activated protein kinase; ELK-1: ETS like kinase 1; C-Myc: Cellular myelocytomatosis oncogene; MEK: Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase; ERK: Extracellular signal-regulated kinase; “+P”: Phosphorylation; “-P”: Dephosphorylation.