Applications and challenges of patient-derived organoids in hepatobiliary and pancreatic cancers

Figure 1 Flow chart of patient-derived hepatobiliary and pancreatic cancer organoid culture and its applications in our team. The organoid culture process involves dissociating fresh tumor tissue into small pieces, followed by digestion, dissolution, filtration, centrifugation, and resuspension. The cell is then embedded in Matrigel and cultured in a medium enriched with relevant factors in an incubator. PDO: Patient-derived organoid. Created by BioRender (BioRender.com).