Macrophage inhibitory cytokine-1/growth differentiation factor-15 in premalignant and neoplastic tumours in a high-risk pancreatic cancer cohort

Figure 1 Boxplot of baseline medium serum macrophage inhibitory cytokine-1 or growth differentiation factor-15 levels by group with 95% confidence interval errors bars in participants with a normal endoscopic ultrasound, branched duct intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm, pancreatic cyst, diffuse abnormality and neoplastic tumours/malignancy detected by endoscopic ultrasound. BD-IPMN: Branched duct intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm; EUS: Endoscopic ultrasound; MIC-1/GDF15: Macrophage inhibitory cytokine-1 or growth differentiation factor-15.

Figure 2 Receiver operating characteristic curve generated for the capacity of macrophage inhibitory cytokine-1 or growth differentiation factor-15 to predict abnormal endoscopic ultrasound results. A: Abnormal endoscopic ultrasound (AUC = 0.576, 95%CI: 0.454-0.698, P = 0.234); B: Branched duct intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm (AUC = 0.664, 95%CI: 0.414-0.875, P = 0.223); C: Pancreatic cyst (AUC = 0.347, 95%CI: 0.162-0.532, P = 0.131); D: Diffuse abnormality (AUC = 0.510, 95%CI: 0.254-0.764, P = 0.935). ROC: Receiver operating characteristic.

Figure 3 Receiver operating characteristic curve generated for the capacity of macrophage inhibitory cytokine-1 or growth differentiation factor-15 to predict solid neoplastic tumours on endoscopic ultrasound (AUC = 0. 793, P = 0.081, n = 3). ROC: Receiver operating characteristic.

Figure 4 Receiver operating characteristic curve generated for the capacity of macrophage inhibitory cytokine-1 or growth differentiation factor-15 to predict solid neoplastic tumours identified on endoscopic ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging or computed tomography in an asymptomatic population (AUC = 0. 814, 95%CI: 0.657-0.970, P = 0.023, n = 5). ROC: Receiver operating characteristic.

Figure 5 Boxplot of median baseline macrophage inhibitory cytokine-1 or growth differentiation factor-15 in participants diagnosed with benign pancreatic abnormalities (n = 42) and solid neoplastic tumours (n = 5) on endoscopic ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging or computed tomography. MIC-1/GDF15: Macrophage inhibitory cytokine-1 or growth differentiation factor-15.