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©The Author(s) 2025. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc. All rights reserved.
World J Gastroenterol. Sep 28, 2025; 31(36): 110684
Published online Sep 28, 2025. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v31.i36.110684
Published online Sep 28, 2025. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v31.i36.110684
Patient-derived organoids in hepatobiliary pancreatic cancer research: Their uses and limitations
Sam Jacobs, Upper Gastrointestinal Unit, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Birmingham B15 2WB, United Kingdom
William Butterworth, Ewen A Griffiths, Department of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2GW, United Kingdom
Ewen A Griffiths, Department of Upper Gastrointestinal Surgery, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham B15 2GW, United Kingdom
Author contributions: Jacobs S wrote the original draft; Butterworth W and Griffiths EA edited and reviewed the content. All authors approved the final version to publish.
Conflict-of-interest statement: All the authors report no relevant conflicts of interest for this article.
Open Access: This article is an open-access article that was selected by an in-house editor and fully peer-reviewed by external reviewers. It is distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited and the use is non-commercial. See: https://creativecommons.org/Licenses/by-nc/4.0/
Corresponding author: Ewen A Griffiths, Department of Upper Gastrointestinal Surgery, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Mindelsohn Way, Birmingham B15 2GW, United Kingdom. ewen.griffiths@uhb.nhs.uk
Received: June 13, 2025
Revised: July 21, 2025
Accepted: September 1, 2025
Published online: September 28, 2025
Processing time: 98 Days and 9.8 Hours
Revised: July 21, 2025
Accepted: September 1, 2025
Published online: September 28, 2025
Processing time: 98 Days and 9.8 Hours
Core Tip
Core Tip: The development of organoid models is becoming an exciting field in in-vitro drug testing for chemotherapy for aggressive cancers, such as hepatobiliary pancreatic. The most reliable source of organoid establishment is from resected tumour; however liquid biopsies are becoming more common. There is a large amount of heterogeneity in the way organoids are cultured and there are drawbacks of this technique, such as the lack of fidelity in creating the tumour microenvironment and other variables that affect tumour growth.