Copyright
©The Author(s) 2020. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc. All rights reserved.
World J Gastroenterol. Jun 7, 2020; 26(21): 2781-2791
Published online Jun 7, 2020. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v26.i21.2781
Published online Jun 7, 2020. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v26.i21.2781
Innate immune recognition and modulation in hepatitis D virus infection
Stephanie Jung, Sebastian Maximilian Altstetter, Ulrike Protzer, Institute of Virology, Technical University of Munich/Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich D-81675, Germany
Ulrike Protzer, German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Munich Partner Site, Munich D-81675, Germany
Author contributions: Jung S, Altstetter SM and Protzer U contributed to the writing and revising of the manuscript.
Supported by German Research Foundation , No. TRR 179 .
Conflict-of-interest statement: The authors declare no conflict of interests concerning the content of this article.
Open-Access: This article is an open-access article that was selected by an in-house editor and fully peer-reviewed by external reviewers. It is distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited and the use is non-commercial. See: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
Corresponding author: Ulrike Protzer, MD, Director, Professor, Institute of Virology, Technical University of Munich/Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Munich Partner Site, Trogerstrasse 30, Munich D-81675, Germany. protzer@helmholtz-muenchen.de
Received: December 29, 2019
Peer-review started: December 29, 2019
First decision: January 19, 2020
Revised: March 30, 2020
Accepted: May 23, 2020
Article in press: May 23, 2020
Published online: June 7, 2020
Processing time: 159 Days and 18.5 Hours
Peer-review started: December 29, 2019
First decision: January 19, 2020
Revised: March 30, 2020
Accepted: May 23, 2020
Article in press: May 23, 2020
Published online: June 7, 2020
Processing time: 159 Days and 18.5 Hours
Core Tip
Core tip: Hepatitis D virus (HDV) is the only known human satellite virus requiring hepatitis B virus (HBV) coinfection for productive viral release. However, it was recently shown that HDV can be disseminated by viruses other than HBV in experimental setups, so it remains unexplained why HDV chose HBV as a helper virus. As HDV might possibly profit from HBV mediated immunosuppression, we first focus on recent findings on HDV recognition by the innate immune system. Later on, we summarize partially controversial data on immunomodulatory mechanisms of both, HBV and HDV.