From bench to bedside: Advancements in patient-derived xenografts for predicting therapy outcomes in colorectal cancer

Abstract

Colorectal cancer is the third most diagnosed malignancy and the second-leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Management includes a combination of surgery, radiotherapy, and systemic therapy that is tailored to the stage of the disease. However, each tumor has a unique genetic profile that influences the treatment response and the overall prognosis. Biomarkers guide treatment decisions, but many chemotherapeutics lack reliable predictors. To bridge this gap patient-derived xenograft models were developed and are valuable preclinical tools. These systems utilize patient-derived tumor tissue grafted into an animal host that provides a platform for personalized drug profiling. This article surveyed recent advances in mouse and zebrafish colorectal cancer patient-derived xenografts, emphasizing their clinical utility for functional precision oncology. We explored the impact of these models on translational research, discussed current limitations, and outlined key priorities for future development.

Keywords: Zebrafish; Mouse; Patient-derived xenografts; Colorectal cancer; Translational medicine

Core Tip: This minireview discussed the use of patient-derived xenograft (PDX) models in mice and zebrafish and their impact on predicting treatment outcomes in patients with colorectal cancer. Each model has its own unique advantages and disadvantages that are useful in certain situations. Mouse PDX models are better suited for longer-term and in-depth studies, and zebrafish PDX models are better for chemoprofiling and short-term treatment guidance. We also discussed the applicability of these models for personalized medicine and the synergy with current biomarkers to better select treatment.