Published online Oct 28, 2016. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v22.i40.8956
Peer-review started: June 17, 2016
First decision: July 12, 2016
Revised: July 29, 2016
Accepted: August 23, 2016
Article in press: August 23, 2016
Published online: October 28, 2016
Processing time: 133 Days and 0.7 Hours
To study the clinicopathological characteristics of neuroendocrine neoplasms (NEN) on liver samples and apply World Health Organization (WHO) 2010 grading of gastroenteropancreatic (GEP) NEN.
Clinicopathological features of 79 cases of NEN of the liver diagnosed between January 2011 to December 2015 were analyzed. WHO 2010 classification of GEP NEN was applied and the tumors were graded as G1, G2 or G3. Two more categories, D1/2 (discordant 1/2) and D2/3 (discordant 2/3) were also applied. The D1/2 grade tumors had a mitotic count of G1 and Ki-67 index of G2. The D2/3 tumors had a mitotic count of G2 and Ki-67 index of G3. The follow up details which were available till the end of the study period (December 2015) were collected.
Of the 79 tumors, 16 each were G1 and G2, and 18 were G3 tumors. Of the remaining 29 tumors, 13 were assigned to D1/2 and 16 were D2/3 grade. Male preponderance was noted in all tumors except for G2 neoplasms, which showed a slight female predilection. The median age at presentation was 47 years (range 10-82 years). The most common presentation was abdominal pain (81%). Pancreas (49%) was the most common site of primary followed by gastrointestinal tract (24.4%) and lungs (18%). Radiologically, 87% of the patients had multiple liver lesions. Histopathologically, necrosis was seen in only D2/3 and G3 tumors. Microvascular invasion was seen in all grades. Metastasis occurred in all grades of primary NEN and the grades of the metastatic tumors and their corresponding primary tumors were similar in 67% of the cases. Of the 79 patients, 36 had at least one follow up visit with a median duration of follow up of 8.5 mo (range: 1-50 mo). This study did not show any impact of the grade of tumor on the short term clinical outcome of these patients.
Liver biopsy is an important tool for clinicopathological characterization and grading of NEN, especially when the primary is not identified. Eighty-seven percent of the patients had multifocal liver lesions irrespective of the WHO grade, indicating a higher stage of disease at presentation. Follow up duration was inadequate to derive any meaningful conclusion on long term outcome in our study patients.
Core tip: Neuroendocrine neoplasms (NEN) in liver are commonly metastatic. The clinicopathological features of NEN diagnosed on liver samples were analyzed and graded applying World Health Organization (WHO) 2010 classification of gastroenteropancreatic NEN. A marked male preponderance was noted in all WHO grades except for G2 tumors, wherein a slight female predilection was seen. Necrosis was noted only in higher grade tumors. Most patients had multifocal liver lesions favoring metastasis and higher stage of disease at presentation. Follow up duration was inadequate to derive any meaningful conclusion on long term outcome in our study patients.