Ambient effects on neural stem cells: Insights from Drosophila

Table 1 Environmental factors influencing neural stem cell development

Source	Factors	Observed effects	Ref.
Microenvironment	Snail, Notch, Sox, EMT	Altered cell number/division defect	[54,67,69,70]
	Dap, Msh	Quiescent regulation (G0 or G2)	[44]
	PcG and Hox homeotic network	Anteroposterior stemness gradient	[47]
	DE-cad	Proliferation control	[71]
	ROS	Proliferation modulation	[65,81]
	GMC positioning	Division orientation	[49]
	Ecdysone	NCS termination	[16]
	Hh signaling	Proliferation promotion	[50]
	Insulin/IGF-like peptides	NSC reactivation	[25,40]
	Scaf protease	Proliferation regulation	[78]
	CLC, VGSC	Proliferation modulation	[39,76]
Systemic environment	Fat body	NSC reactivation	[22]
	Trachea	Proliferation regulation	[20]
	Gut	Proliferation modulation	[23]
External environment	Irradiation	Premature differentiation	[18]
	Oxygen	Proliferation suppression	[20]
	Virus infection	Differentiation defects	[19,80]
	High-sugar diet	Proliferation enhancement	[83]
	High-fat diet	Proliferation modulation	[84]
	Iron, silver ions	Nuclear deformation	[53]

CLC: Chloride channel; Dap: Dapaco; DE-cad: Drosophila E-cadherin; EMT: Epithelial-mesenchymal transition; GMC: Ganglion mother cell; Hh: Hedgehog; Hox: Homeobox gene; IGF: Insulin like growth factor; Msh: Muscle segment homeobox; NSC: Neural stem cell; PcG: Polycomb group; ROS: Reactive oxygen species; Scaf: Scarface; VGSC: Voltage-gated sodium channel.