Management of acute kidney injury in gastrointestinal tumor: An overview

Table 1 Risk factors for acute kidney injury in gastrointestinal tumor patients

Pretreatment causes	Intrafraction causes	Post-treatment causes
Medications	Gastrointestinal tumor	ICU
Nephrotoxic drugs	Different tumor sizes	Leak of surgical anastomosis
ACEI drugs	Heavy tumor burden	Respiratory failure
Chemotherapeutics	Extensive metastasis	Mechanical ventilation
Antibiotics	Urinary tract obstruction
NSAIDs
Age	Surgery	Hypovolemia
Age > 65 yr	Extensive surgery
	Surgical methods
	Intraoperative bleeding
	Operation time
	IAH
	Use of diuretics
Pre-existing CKD	IV contrast	Hemodynamic instability
Comorbid diseases	Chemotherapy	Hypotension
Diabetes	Cytotoxic drugs
Cardiovascular disease	Targeted therapy
Hypertension	ICIs
Sepsis	Tumor lysis syndrome	Sepsis
Volume depletion	Blood transfusion	Retroperitional fibrosis
Low blood volume
Preoperative dehydration
Gastrointestinal losses

ACEI: Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; CKD: Chronic kidney disease; IAH: Intraperitoneal hypertension; ICIs: Immune checkpoint inhibitors; ICU: Intensive care unit; NSAIDs: Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.