Association between plasma dipeptidyl peptidase-4 levels and cognitive function in perinatal pregnant women with gestational diabetes mellitus

Table 1 Demographic characteristics

	GDM	HP	CG	F	P value
Sample	81	85	51
Age (yr)	29.40 ± 4.06	29.86 ± 4.39	29.63 ± 4.33	0.24	0.79
Height (cm)	163.86 ± 4.79	164.11 ± 5.78	164.14 ± 5.05	0.06	0.94
Weight (kg)	78.96 ± 11.58	74.35 ± 9.57	58.60 ± 7.42	68.32	< 0.001
Glu	4.90 ± 1.32	3.99 ± 0.71	4.83 ± 0.54	22.05	< 0.001
HBA1c (%)	5.81 ± 0.61	4.73 ± 0.93		5.32	< 0.001
Education, n (%)				6.95	0.14
Primary school	8 (9.9)	2 (2.4)	1 (2.0)
High school	22 (27.2)	20 (23.5)	14 (27.5)
University	51 (63.0)	63 (74.1)	36 (70.6)

Data are expressed as means ± SD or number. GDM: Gestational diabetes mellitus; HP: Healthy pregnant group; CG: Control group; HbA1c: Glycated hemoglobin; Glu: Glucose.

Table 2 MoCA test scores

	GDM	HP	CG	P value (GDM vs HP)	P value (GDM vs CG)	P value (HP vs CG)
Sample	81	85	51
Visuospatial/executive	4.52 ± 0.84	4.65 ± 0.63	4.94 ± 0.31	0.21	0.01	0.01
Naming	3.00 ± 0.00	3.00 ± 0.00	3.00 ± 0.00	/	/	/
Attention	5.53 ± 0.84	5.58 ± 0.70	5.92 ± 0.27	0.64	0.001	0.01
Language	2.65 ± 0.53	2.83 ± 0.40	2.96 ± 0.20	0.01	< 0.001	0.08
Abstraction	1.98 ± 0.16	1.98 ± 0.14	2.00 ± 0.00	/	/	/
Orientation	6.00 ± 0.00	5.99 ± 0.10	6.00 ± 0.00	/	/	/
Delayed recall	2.80 ± 1.14	3.61 ± 1.20	4.16 ± 0.92	< 0.001	< 0.001	0.01
Total	26.99 ± 1.78	28.01 ± 1.80	29.00 ± 1.16	< 0.001	< 0.001	< 0.001
MoCA ≤ 25	20 (24.7)	2 (2.4)	0	< 0.001	/	/

Data are expressed as mean ± SD or number. MoCA: Montreal cognitive assessment; GDM: Gestational diabetes mellitus; HP: Healthy pregnant group; CG: Control group.

Table 3 Concentration of diabetes related factors of each group

	DPP4	DPP4 (UCB)	BDNF	IL-6	8-iso-PGF2α
GDM (n = 81)	8.94 ± 8.50	1.56 ± 0.18	29.72 ± 7.14	9.02 ± 1.50	31.24 ± 15.78
HP (n = 85)	2.87 ± 2.31	0.18 ± 0.16	51.72 ± 15.82	8.10 ± 1.08	24.81 ± 4.90
CG (n = 51)	2.85 ± 1.76	/	43.53 ± 8.93	8.11 ± 1.02	24.88 ± 5.07
P value (GDM vs HP)	< 0.001	< 0.001	< 0.001	< 0.001	< 0.001
P value (GDM vs CG)	< 0.001	/	< 0.001	< 0.001	< 0.001
P value (HP vs CG)	0.98	/	0.18	0.96	0.97

Data are expressed as means ± SD. UCB: Umbilical cord blood; GDM: Gestational diabetes mellitus; HP: Healthy pregnant group; CG: Control group; DPP4: Dipeptidyl peptidase-4; IL-6: Interleukin-6; 8-iso-PGF2α: 8-iso-prostaglandinF2α; BDNF: Brain-derived neurotrophic factor.

Table 4 Correlations of DPP4 and BDNF with IL-6 and 8-iso-PGF2α

	DPP4		BDNF
	Cor	P value	Cor	P value
IL-6	0.617	0.006	-0.749	0.001
8-iso-PGF2α	0.547	0.019	-0.349	0.029

DPP4: Dipeptidyl peptidase-4; IL-6: Interleukin-6; 8-iso-PGF2α: 8-iso-prostaglandinF2α; BDNF: Brain-derived neurotrophic factor.