Psychological impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on Chinese population: An online survey

Table 1 Demographic characteristics of the participants (n = 1082)

Characteristics	Frequency	Percentage (%)
Gender
Male	463	42.80
Female	619	57.20
Age (yr)
< 30	515	47.60
31-39	262	24.20
40-49	157	14.50
50-59	131	12.10
> 60	17	1.60
Ethnicity
Han	734	67.80
Others	348	32.20
Residence
Rural	423	39.10
Urban	659	60.90
Education
Illiterate	1	0.10
Primary	12	1.1
Middle	169	15.60
Bachelor	675	62.40
Master	120	11.10
PhD	105	9.70
Profession
Farmer	40	3.70
Teacher	185	17.10
Doctor	78	7.20
Government	84	7.80
Private	28	2.60
Students	408	37.70
Business	20	1.80
Others	239	22.10
Marital Status
Married	568	52.50
Divorced	25	2.30
Single	489	45.20
Monthly income (RMB)
< 3000	496	45.80
3001-5000	251	23.20
5001-10000	235	21.70
> 10000	100	9.20
Positive responses to different questions
Have you, your family members, or your friends affected by COVID-19?	5	0.46
Are you back to your routine after the control of COVID-19 epidemic?	439	40.57
COVID-19 affected you physically	68	6.3
COVID-19 affected you economically	480	44.4
Diabetes	13	1.2
Cardiovascular diseases	10	0.9
Hypertension	31	2.9
Chronic respiratory disease	4	0.4
Viral hepatitis	4	0.4
Cancer	1	0.1
Other comorbidities	40	3.7

COVID-19: Coronavirus disease 2019.

Table 2 Correlation between Impact of Event-Scale-Revised subscales and demographic characteristics

		Gender	Age	Ethnicity	Residence	Education	Profession	Marital	Income
IES-R total	Pearson r	-0.02	0.17	-0.02	-0.04	-0.09	-0.09	-0.09	0.02
	Sig (2-tailed)	0.47	0.01a	0.53	0.17	0.05a	0.01a	0.01a	0.54
Intrusion	Pearson r	-0.01	0.15	-0.02	-0.03	-0.04	-0.06	-0.10	0.04
	Sig (2-tailed)	0.82	0.01a	0.50	0.34	0.17	0.06	0.01a	0.22
Avoidance	Pearson r	-0.04	-0.20	0.01	-0.04	-0.10	-0.13	-0.08	0.03
	Sig (2-tailed)	0.23	0.01a	0.88	0.16	0.01a	0.01a	0.01a	0.29
Hyperarousal	Pearson r	-0.1	0.10	-0.04	-0.04	-0.08	-0.05	-0.05	-0.03
	Sig (2-tailed)	0.71	0.01a	0.17	0.18	0.01a	0.09	0.10	0.32

^aP < 0.05.

IES-R: Impact of Event-Scale-Revised.

Table 3 Prevalence of post-traumatic stress symptoms according to participant demographics

Characteristics	Frequency (%) (n = 1082)
	Range	mean ± SD	t	P value
Prevalence
IES-R < 20		24 ± 2.2
IES-R > 20		1058 ± 97.8
Gender			0.71	0.48
Male	18-88	42.78 ± 12.48
Female	18-87	42.25 ± 11.87
Ethnicity			0.63	0.53
Han	18-88	42.64 ± 11.91
Others	18-87	42.14 ± 12.59
Residence			1.37	0.17
Rural	19-87	43.11 ± 12.52
Urban	18-88	42.08 ± 11.87
Age (yr)			9.81	0.001a
< 30	18-85	40.70 ± 12.69
31-39	21-88	43.08 ± 11.99
40-49	18-87	42.52 ± 11.19
50-59	20-74	47.56 ± 9.36
> 60	26-62	47.82 ± 11.78
Education			2.1	0.06
Illiterate	34-34	34
Primary	31-62	44.75 ± 8.84
Middle	20-87	44.59 ± 12.19
Bachelor	18-88	42.34 ± 12.23
Master	18-85	42.28 ± 11.86
PhD	21-84	40.02 ± 11.63
Profession			4.63	0.001a
Farmer	21-87	46.25 ± 11.83
Teacher	19-82	44.41 ± 10.68
Doctor	18-74	40.42 ± 12.92
Government	22-87	46.51 ± 12.02
Private	28-87	46.00 ± 12.02
Student	18-85	40.83 ± 12.62
Business	18-59	39.00 ± 12.67
Others	18-88	42.31 ± 11.48
Marital status			5.25	0.005a
Married	18-88	43.42 ± 11.63
Divorced	24-63	45.76 ± 11.51
Single	18-85	41.23 ± 12.62
Monthly income (RMB)			6.29	0.001a
< 3000	18-88	41.47 ± 12.64
3001-5000	19-87	44.26 ± 11.34
5001-10000	20-87	43.99 ± 11.48
> 10000	18-78	39.47 ± 12.04

^aP < 0.05.

IES-R: Impact of Event-Scale-Revised.