Uncertainty in illness and coping styles: Moderating and mediating effects of resilience in stroke patients

Table 1 Demographic characteristics (n = 154)

Variable	n (%)
Age group (yr)
18-45	8 (5.2)
46-59	55 (35.7)
> 60	91 (59.1)
mean ± SD	61.6 ± 11.25
Gender
Female	54 (35.0)
Male	100 (64.0)
Marital status
Unmarried	2 (1.3)
Married	141 (91.6)
Other	11 (7.1)
Education level
Primary school or below	41 (26.7)
Junior high school	57 (37.0)
Senior high school	33 (21.4)
University degree or above	23 (14.9)
Monthly income
< 2000 yuan per month	39 (25.4)
2001-3000 yuan per month	57 (37.0)
3001-5000 yuan per month	49 (26.0)
5001-8000 yuan per month	12 (7.8)
> 8000 yuan per month	6 (3.8)
Smoking status
Yes	61 (39.6)
No	93 (60.4)
Drinking status
Yes	51 (33.0)
No	103 (67.0)
Stroke classification
Ischaemic	124 (80.5)
Haemorrhage	30 (19.5)
NIHSS score at admittance
Mild stroke (0–4)	118 (76.6)
Moderate stroke (5–15)	30 (19.5)
Moderate to severe stroke (16–20)	6 (3.9)
Severe stroke (> 20)	0 (0)

NIHSS: National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale.

Table 2 Pearson correlations among variables

Variable	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10
Confrontation	1
Avoidance	0.044	1
Resignation	0.123	0.162a	1
Tenacity	0.173a	0.103	-0.056	1
Strength	0.145	0.167a	-0.256b	0.532b	1
Optimism	-0.070	0.081	-0.079	0.264b	0.375b	1
Ambiguity	-0.146	0.096	-0.084	-0.168 a	-0.150	-0.052	1
Complexity	-0.015	0.006	0.143	-0.165 a	-0.211b	-0.171 a	-0.190 a	1
Information Deficiency	-0.156	-0.115	-0.115	-0.024	-0.145	-0.051	-0.195 a	-0.054	1
Unpredictability	-0.044	-0.181 a	0.041	0.060	-0.201 a	-0.253b	-0.088	0.235b	0.222b	1

^aP < 0.05.

^bP < 0.01.

Table 3 Moderating effect of resilience on correlation between coping style and uncertainty in illness

Variable	SE	t	B (95%CI)	R²	F	P value
Model 1A (unpredictability)
Coping style				0.040	2.604	0.107
Confrontation	0.067	0.544	0.044
Voidance	0.089	-2.386	-0.193
Resignation	0.132	0.412	0.823
Coping style × resilience				0.106	6.058	0.001a
Confrontation	0.066	0.310	0.025
Voidance	0.087	-1.914	-0.152
Resignation	0.133	0.007	0.001
Optimism	0.123	-2.625	-0.219
Tenacity	0.041	2.758	0.252
Strength	0.074	-2.306	-0.231
Model 2A (indeterminacy)
Coping style				0.040	2.057	0.108
Confrontation	0.090	-1.997	-0.161
Voidance	0.120	1.089	0.088
Resignation	0.177	1.095	0.089
Coping style × resilience				0.065	1.337	0.265
Confrontation	0.092	-.1546	-0.129
Voidance	0.122	1.412	0.117
Resignation	0.187	0.642	0.055
Optimism	0.173	-0.096	-0.008
Tenacity	0.058	-1.186	-0.113
Strength	0.104	-0.699	-0.073
Model 3A (information deficiency)
Coping style				0.044	2.307	0.079
Confrontation	0.065	-1.750	-0.141
Voidance	0.089	-1.165	-0.094
Resignation	0.129	-1.117	-0.091
Coping style × resilience				0.097	2.898	0.037a
Confrontation	0.066	-1.862	-0.152
Voidance	0.087	-1.015	-0.083
Resignation	0.134	-1.046	-0.088
Optimism	0.124	-2.506	-0.215
Tenacity	0.041	-1.217	-0.114
Strength	0.074	1.013	0.104
Model 4A (complexity)
Coping style				0.022	1.116	0.344
Confrontation	-0.033	-0.408	-0.033
Voidance	-0.017	-0.207	-0.017
Resignation	0.150	1.818	-1.117
Coping style × resilience				0.068	2.413	0.069
Confrontation	-0.007	-0.089	-0.007
Voidance	0.024	0.296	0.024
Resignation	0.099	1.156	0.099
Optimism	-0.105	-1.199	-0.105
Tenacity	-0.074	-0.774	-0.074
Strength	-0.110	-1.056	-0.110

^aP < 0.05. Confrontation, avoidance, and resignation belong to coping style, tenacity, and strength, optimism belongs to resilience, and ambiguity, complexity, information deficiency, and unpredictability belong to uncertainty in illness.

Table 4 Mediating role of resilience in association between coping style and uncertainty in illness in four models

Variable	SE	t	B (95%CI)	P value
Model 1B (complexity)
Confrontation	0.046	-0.191	-0.015
Confrontation × tenacity				0.042a
Confrontation	0.047	0.164	0.013
Tenacity	0.025	-2.048	-0.167
Model 2B (complexity)
Confrontation	0.046	-0.191	-0.015
Confrontation × strength				0.009a
Confrontation	0.046	0.192	0.015
Strength	0.041	-2.656	-0.213
Model 3B (unpredictability)
Avoidance	0.088	-2.265	-0.181
Avoidance × strength				0.030a
Avoidance	0.088	-1.895	-0.151
Strength	0.059	-2.192	-0.175
Model 4B (complexity)
Resignation	0.090	1.781	0.143
Resignation × strength				0.024a
Resignation	0.092	1.161	0.095
Strength	0.042	-2.281	-0.187
Model 5B (unpredictability)
Resignation	0.131	0.509	0.041
Resignation × strength				0.015a
Resignation	0.092	-0.131	-0.011
Strength	0.042	-2.465	-0.203

^aP < 0.05.