Impact of intravenous dexmedetomidine on postoperative bowel movement recovery after laparoscopic nephrectomy: A consort-prospective, randomized, controlled trial

Table 1 Clinical characteristics of patients in groups C, D1, and D2

	Group C (n = 40)	Group D1 (n = 40)	Group D2 (n = 40)	P value
Sex, F/M	11/29	12/28	10/30	0.8820
Age, yr	52.73 ± 10.68	52.33 ± 7.99	51.73 ± 8.58	0.886
BMI, kg/m2	25.58 ± 2.70	26.15 ± 1.70	25.95 ± 2.04	0.505
Hypertension, Yes/No	11/29	12/28	15/25	0.606
DM, Yes/No	6/34	5/35	5/35	0.930
ASA, I/II	10/30	7/33	6/34	0.497
Duration of anaesthesia, min	148.95 ± 49.54	145.90 ± 47.24	144.60 ± 50.24	0.920
Duration of surgery, min	128.48 ± 46.83	130.90 ± 47.13	127.33 ± 50.18	0.944
Dosage of sufentanil during surgery, μg	32.58 ± 7.20	31.63 ± 3.28	32.75 ± 3.91	0.570
Dosage of sufentanil after surgery (8 h), mL	16.35 ± 0.51	16.15 ± 0.43	16.29 ± 0.53	0.180
Dosage of sufentanil after surgery (24 h), mL	48.41 ± 0.59	48.26 ± 0.76	48.30 ± 0.60	0.566
Postoperative stay in hospital, d	8.60 ± 1.72	8.38 ± 1.35	8.43 ± 1.68	0.803

Variables are presented as the mean ± SD or number of patients. None showed any statistical significance (P > 0.05). ASA: American Society of Anesthesiologists, BMI: Body mass index, DM: Diabetes mellitus.

Table 2 Bowel movement after surgery in groups C, D1, and D2

	Group C (n = 40)	Group D1 (n = 40)	Group D2 (n = 40)	P valves
Time to first flatus, h	51.31 ± 11.78	41.50 ± 8.24	38.66 ± 7.60	0.0011/0.0012/0.1793
Time to defecation, h	92.80 ± 25.51	73.33 ± 19.19	71.33 ± 19.70	0.0011/0.0012/0.6803
Time to eating, h	54.78 ± 11.58	44.50 ± 8.94	42.29 ± 7.75	0.0011/0.0012/0.3033

¹Group D1 vs group C.

²Group D2 vs group C.

³Group D1 vs group D2. Variables are presented as the mean ± SD.

Table 3 Vital signs in groups C, D1, and D2

Time point	Group C (n = 40)	Group D1 (n = 40)	Group D2 (n = 40)	P value
MBP, mm Hg
T0	103.80 ± 11.34	99.73 ± 11.28	99.53 ± 9.91	0.144
T1	101.53 ± 9.45	88.88 ± 13.07a,c	87.65 ± 12.71a,c	0.001
T2	98.90 ± 9.81a	98.88 ± 11.65	97.85 ± 12.53	0.895
T3	97.40 ± 10.11a	96.38 ± 7.78	95.88 ± 8.72	0.739
T4	98.88 ± 8.33a	94.58 ± 9.62a,c	93.83 ± 8.54a,c	0.025
T5	105.45 ± 13.24a	102.50 ± 13.55	102.38 ± 12.14	0.490
HR, bpm
T0	75.93 ± 11.18	71.43 ± 9.48	74.30 ± 8.70	0.122
T1	74.78 ± 10.22	63.56 ± 10.96a,c	65.88 ± 8.56a,c	0.001
T2	64.88 ± 7.74a	59.80 ± 10.02a,c	63.48 ± 6.93a	0.022
T3	66.43 ± 11.53a	62.45 ± 9.01a	65.53 ± 7.97a	0.158
T4	67.30 ± 10.47a	66.05 ± 11.08a	67.55 ± 9.85a	0.791
T5	75.80 ± 9.32	73.05 ± 9.86	72.90 ± 6.20	0.242

^aP < 0.05 vs baseline.

^cP < 0.05 vs group C. Variables are presented as the mean ± SD. MBP: Mean blood pressure; HR: Heart rate.

Table 4 Adverse reactions after surgery in groups C, D1, and D2, n (%)

	Group C (n = 40)	Group D1 (n = 40)	Group D2 (n = 40)	P values
Abdominal massage/simo soup	5 (12.5)	3 (7.5)	2 (5)	0.466
Intravenous nutrition	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)	1.000
Nausea and vomiting	8 (20)	7 (17.5)	8 (20)	0.948
Severe abdominal pain and distention	6 (15)	5 (12.5)	4 (10)	0.796
Drowsiness	1 (2.5)	2 (5)	4 (10)	0.346
Serious respiratory depression	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)	1.000
Delirium	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)	1.000