Combined targeted therapy and immunotherapy for cancer treatment

Table 1 Clinical trials combining targeted therapies and immunotherapies

Target	Targeted Therapy	Immunological mechanisms	Immunotherapy	Indication	Phase	Number Enrolled	NCT number
DNMT	Azacitidine	Targeting PD-1 on T cells	Pembrolizumab	HR-MDS	II	40	NCT03094637
	Azacitidine	Induce tumor-cell-specific immunity	Peptide vaccination	AML	I	15	NCT02750995
HDAC	Entinostat	Targeting PD-L1 on tumor cells	Nivolumab	CCA/PDAC	II	54	NCT03250273
	Entinostat	Targeting PD-1 on T cells	Pembrolizumab	MIBC	II	20	NCT03978624
	Entinostat	Targeting PD-L1 on tumor cells	Atezolizumab	HER2- breast cancer	I	126	NCT03280563
MEK	Binimetinib		Pembrolizumab	NSCLC	I	40	NCT03991819
&	Dabrafenib	Targeting PD-1 on T cells	Pembrolizumab	Melanoma	II	60	NCT02858921
BRAF	+Trametinib
	Combimetinib	Targeting PD-L1 on tumor cells	Atezolizumab	Melanoma	II	30	NCT03554083
	Combimetinib		Atezolizumab	NSCLC	II	48	NCT03660701
	Vemurafenib		Atezolizumab	Melanoma	II	90	NCT02303951
	+Cobimetinib
VEGF	Lenvatinib		Pembrolizumab	Hepatobiliary tumors	II	50	NCT03895970
	Ziv-Aflibercept	Targeting PD-1 on T cells	Pembrolizumab	Solid tumors	I	78	NCT02298959
	Bevacizumab	Targeting PD-L1 on tumor cells	Atezolizumab	HNSCC	II	110	NCT03818061
	Ramucirumab		Atezolizumab	NSCLC	II	21	NCT03689855
PI3K	Duvelisib		Pembrolizumab	HNSCC	I/II	30	NCT04193293
	Idelalisib	Targeting PD-1 on T cells	Pembrolizumab	NSCLC	I/II	40	NCT03257722
	Copanlisib	Targeting PD-L1 on tumor cells	Nivolumab	Colon cancer	I	54	NCT03711058

AML: Acute myeloid leukemia; BRAF: B-Raf proto-oncogene; CCA: Cholangiocarcinoma; DNMT: DNA methyltransferase; HDAC: Histone deacetylase; HER2: Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-positive; HNSCC: Head-and-neck squamous cell carcinoma; HR-MDS: Higher-risk myelodysplastic syndromes; MEK: Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase; MIBC: Muscle-invasive bladder cancer; NSCLC: Non-small cell lung cancer; PD-1: Programmed cell death protein-1; PDCA: Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma; PD-L1: Programmed cell death ligand-1; PI3K: Phosphoinositide 3-kinase; VEGF: Vascular endothelial growth factor.