Facilitators and barriers to colorectal cancer screening in an outpatient setting

Table 1 Characteristics of patients in study

Variables	Categories	Patients who were up-to-date on CRC screening		Patients in study n (%)
		No	Yes	Total = 2424
Age (yr)b	mean ± SD	60.23 ± 7.12	62.05 ± 6.77	61.45 ± 6.94
No-show rateb	mean ± SD	13.75 ± 12.08	8.43 ± 8.33	10.19 ± 10.05
History of COPD	No	725	1486	2211 (91.21)
	Yes	77	136	213 (8.79)
History of CHFa	No	686	1439	2125 (87.67)
	Yes	116	183	299 (12.33)
History of diabetes	No	506	1000	1506 (62.13)
	Yes	296	622	918 (37.87)
History of hypertension	No	203	382	585 (24.13)
	Yes	599	1240	1839 (75.87)
History of ESRD on dialysis (HD or PD)	No	777	1584	2361 (97.4)
	Yes	25	38	63 (2.60)
History of OSAb	No	685	1299	1984 (81.85)
	Yes	117	323	440 (18.15)
Use of blood thinners	No	384	749	1133 (46.74)
	Yes	418	873	1291 (53.26)
Smoking statusb	Current smoker	214	291	505 (20.83)
	Former smoker	269	645	914 (37.71)
	Never smoker	319	686	1005 (41.46)
Family history of colorectal cancerb	No	750	1462	2212 (91.25)
	Yes	52	160	212 (8.75)
Compliance with flu vaccinationb	No	390	486	876 (36.14)
	Yes	412	1136	1548 (63.86)
Compliance with mammogramb	No	193	150	343 (27.75)
	Yes	237	656	893 (72.25)
Compliance with screening papb	No	162	119	281 (42.38)
	Yes	103	279	382 (57.62)
Race/ethnicitya	White	278	582	860 (35.48)
	Black/African America	483	994	1477 (60.93)
	Hispanic	17	21	38 (1.57)
	Asian	2	7	9 (0.37)
	American Indian/Alaska Native	1	1	2 (0.08)
	More than one race/unknown/not reported	21	17	38 (1.57)
Gender	Male	351	775	1126 (46.47)
	Female	451	846	1297 (53.53)
Employment statusa	Employed	236	561	797 (32.88)
	Unemployed	197	405	602 (24.83)
	Unknown	369	656	1025 (42.29)
Education	College or above	26	66	92 (3.80)
	High school/equivalent	65	125	190 (7.84)
	No formal education	16	32	48 (1.98)
	Unknown/not reported	695	1,399	2094 (86.39)
Insurance statusb	Private insurance	273	640	913 (37.67)
	Public insurance (medicaid/medicare)	465	938	1403 (57.88)
	Uninsured	64	44	108 (4.46)
Marital statusa	Married	334	763	1097 (45.26)
	Divorced	153	294	447 (18.44)
	Not married	237	408	645 (26.61)
	Widowed	70	149	219 (9.03
	Unknown	8	8	16 (0.66)

Chi-square test was used with categorical variables and two sample T-test was used with continuous variables.

^aP < 0.05.

^bP < 0.01. CRC: Colorectal cancer; OSA: Obstructive sleep apnea; COPD: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; CHF: Congestive heart failure; ESRD: End-stage renal disease; HD: Hemodialysis; PD: Peritoneal dialysis.

Table 2 Logistic regression showing facilitators or barriers to colorectal cancer screening

Variables	Odds ratio	95% confidence interval
Age (yr)	1.0581a	1.0103	1.1083
Race ethnicity (ref: White/ Caucasian)
Black/African American	1.0562	0.6759	1.6506
Hispanic	0.9418	0.1601	5.5396
More than one race/unknown/not reported	0.5142	0.1084	2.4391
Employment status (ref: Employed)
Unemployed	0.7664	0.4316	1.3611
Unknown	0.7667	0.4855	1.2107
Years of Education (ref: College or above)
High school/equivalent	1.1055	0.3516	3.4761
No formal education	1.3413	0.2381	7.5564
Unknown/not reported	1.4783	0.5826	3.7509
Insurance status (ref: Private insurance)
Public insurance (Medicaid/Medicare)	1.1679	0.7422	1.8377
Uninsured	0.5161	0.2420	1.1006
Provider Years of Training (ref: Attending)
Resident PGY1	0.7212	0.3967	1.3113
Resident PGY2	1.1487	0.6445	2.0473
Resident PGY3	0.6222	0.3733	1.0370
Resident PGY4	0.5764	0.1727	1.9234
No-show rate percent	0.9616b	0.9444	0.9793
Marital status (ref: Married)
Divorced	0.8826	0.5257	1.4819
Not married	0.9425	0.5921	1.5002
Unknown	0.5473	0.0920	3.2549
Widowed	0.7585	0.3632	1.5840
History of COPD
Yes	0.5648	0.2816	1.1328
History of diabetes
Yes	1.1078	0.7182	1.7088
History of CHF
Yes	0.6007	0.3131	1.1527
History of hypertension
Yes	0.9223	0.5936	1.4328
History of ESRD on dialysis HD or PD
Yes	0.6247	0.1291	3.0223
History of OSA
Yes	1.8752a	1.0838	3.2444
Use of blood thinners
Yes	1.0809	0.7148	1.6345
Family history of colorectal cancer
Yes	0.9013	0.4736	1.7154
Smoking status (ref: Current smoker)
Former smoker	0.9741	0.5849	1.6223
Never smoker	0.9415	0.5697	1.5559
Compliance with flu vaccination
Yes	1.6729a	1.1255	2.4867
Compliance with mammogram
Yes	2.1295b	1.3904	3.2614
Compliance with screening pap
Yes	2.7081b	1.8213	4.0267
Travel distance from clinic	1.0016	0.9996	1.0037

^aP < 0.05.

^bP < 0.01. PGY: Post-graduate year; OSA: Obstructive sleep apnea; COPD: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; CHF: Congestive heart failure; ESRD: End-stage renal disease; HD: Hemodialysis; PD: Peritoneal dialysis.