Roles of vitamin A in the regulation of fatty acid synthesis

Table 1 Effects of vitamin A status and retinoic acid treatment on acetyl-CoA carboxylase enzymatic activity and its mRNA and protein expression levels in cells and tissues

Treatment	Tissue/cells	ACC activity	mRNA levels	Protein levels	Ref.
Vitamin A deficiency	Rat heart	Reduced	No change of Accb	ND	Vega et al[37]
	Rat liver	Reduced	Reduced Acc	ND	Oliveros et al[38]
	Rat liver	ND	ND	Reduced in ad libitum	Li et al[33]
RA treatment	NMRI mouse muscle	ND	Increased Accb	ND	Amengual et al[39]
	MAC-T cells		Acca reduced by 1 μmol/L and induced by 2 μmol/L		Liao et al[40]
	H9C2 myotube		Increased Accb		Kim et al[41]
	HL-60 PL cells	Reduced	ND	ND	Fischkoff et al[42]

ACC: Acetyl-CoA carboxylase; HL-60 PL: HL-60 promyelocytic leukemia cells; MAC-T: Bovine mammary alveolar cells; ND: Not determined; RA: Retinoic acid; VAD: Vitamin A deficiency.

Table 2 Effects of vitamin A supplementation, vitamin A status, and retinoic acid treatment on the Fas mRNA and fatty acid synthase protein levels in cells and tissues

Treatment	Tissue/cells	FAS activity	Fas mRNA	Protein levels	Ref.
Vitamin A supplementation	Perirenal fat depot of lamb	Reduced	ND	ND	Arana et al[44]
	Adipose tissue of yearling beef steers	No change	ND	ND	Bryant et al[45]
Vitamin A deficiency	ZL rat liver	ND	Not changed in ad libitum	Reduced in the refeeding of a VAS diet	Li et al[33]
	ZL and ZF rat liver	ND	Reduced in 6 h-fasting	ND	Zhang et al[48]
RA treatments	Rat fetus lung	Reduce GC-induced activity	Reduced GC-induced Fas	ND	Xu et al[46]
	Mouse EWAT	ND	Reduces Fas	ND	Amengual et al[47]
	3T3-L1 cells	ND	Induced at 25 mmol/L glucose, and reduced at 5.5 mmol/L glucose	ND	Abd Eldaim et al[49]
	3T3-L1 cells	ND	Reduced		Abd Eldaim et al[50] and Murray et al[51]
	Human AML-I preadipocytes	ND	Induced	ND	Morikawa et al[52]
	Primary rat hepatocytes	ND	Synergized with insulin to induce Fas	ND	Li et al[14]
	HepG2 cells	ND	Induced FAS	Induced FAS	Roder et al[55] and Amengual et al[56]
	LNCaP prostate cells	ND	Induced FAS	ND	Duncan and Archer[60]

GC: Glucocorticoid; EWAT: Epididymal white adipose tissue; FAS: Fatty acid synthase; ND: Not determined; RA: Retinoic acid; VAD: Vitamin A deficiency; ZL: Zucker lean; ZF: Zucker fatty; VAS: Vitamin A sufficient.

Table 3 The effects of vitamin A supplement, vitamin A status and retinoic acid treatment on the stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1 activity, mRNA and protein levels in cells and tissues

Treatments	Tissue/cells	Activity	mRNA	Protein levels	Ref.
Vitamin A supplement	Mouse liver	ND	No change	ND	Weiss et al[69]
	Mouse liver	ND	Increased	ND	Miller et al[70]
Vitamin A restriction	Muscle tissues of the Japanese Black steers	ND	No change	ND	Hayashi et al[66]
Vitamin A deficiency	Rat liver	ND	Reduced	No change	Raja Gopal Reddy et al[68]
	Rat kidney	ND	No change	No change	Gopal Reddy et al[71]
	Rat pancreas	ND	ND	Reduced	Raja Gopal Reddy et al[72]
	Rat liver microsomal	Increased	ND	ND	Alam et al[74]
RA treatments	3T3-L1 cells	ND	ND	Reduced	Stone and Bernlohr[77]
	Human retinal cells	ND	Induced	ND	Samuel et al[78]

ND: Not determined; RA: Retinoic acid.