Metabolic biomarkers and long-term blood pressure variability in military young male adults

Table 1 Clinical characteristics of study cohort, (n = 1112)

Characteristics	With metabolic syndrome(n = 112)	Without metabolic syndromes (n = 1000)	P value
Age	33.45 ± 3.93	32.08 ± 3.86	< 0.001
Body mass index (kg/m2)	28.02 ± 2.03	24.82 ± 2.81	< 0.001
Waist circumference (cm)	91.94 ± 5.04	83.49 ± 6.95	< 0.001
Systolic blood pressure (mm Hg)	126.95 ± 14.90	117.39 ± 12.87	< 0.001
Diastolic blood pressure (mm Hg)	78.12 ± 12.45	70.88 ± 9.53	< 0.001
Heart rate (beats per min)	78.65 ± 10.55	74.62 ± 10.54	< 0.001
High blood pressure	31 (27.7)	47 (4.7)	< 0.001
Total cholesterol (mg/dL)	194.68 ± 38.61	178.53 ± 31.66	< 0.001
Serum triglyceride (mg/dL)	250.67 ± 232.27	108.71 ± 66.01	< 0.001
Fasting plasma glucose (mg/dL)	104.71 ± 27.08	93.36 ± 10.30	< 0.001
Serum uric acid (mg/dL)	7.22 ± 1.42	6.64 ± 1.28	< 0.001
(Minimum-Maximum)	(3.9-12.7)	(2.8-13.2)
High-density lipoprotein (mg/dL)	47.12 ± 10.19	48.50 ± 9.77	< 0.001
Low-density lipoprotein (mg/dL)	114.74 ± 28.51	109.56 ± 28.44	0.06
eGFR (mL/min per 1.73 m2)	97.18 ± 12.79	97.97 ± 13.74	0.56
Physical activity
Never or occasionally	23 (20.5)	162 (16.2)	0.40
1-2 times/wk	38 (33.9)	389 (38.9)
≥ 3-5 times/wk	51 (45.6)	449 (44.9)
Current alcohol drinkers, n (%)	53 (47.3)	464 (46.4)	0.85
Current tobacco smokers, n (%)	45 (40.2)	386 (38.6)	0.74

Continuous variables are expressed as mean ± standard deviation, and categorical variables as n (%); eGFR: Estimated glomerular filtration rate.

Table 2 Association of metabolic biomarkers with long-term blood pressure variability indexes in multivariable liner regression

	Unadjusted			Model 1			Model 2
	β (SE)	P value	R2, %	β (SE)	P value	R2, %	β (SE)	P value	R2, %
Waist circumference
ARVSBP	0.046 (0.046)	0.31	0.0	0.039 (0.044)	0.38	7.9	−0.002 (0.026)	0.95	68.6
ARVDBP	0.157 (0.049)	< 0.01	0.9	0.078 (0.048)	0.10	8.3	−0.004 (0.028)	0.88	68.9
SDSBP	0.071 (0.060)	0.23	0.1	0.050 (0.058)	0.38	8.1	−0.021 (0.034)	0.53	68.9
SDDBP	0.220 (0.065)	< 0.01	1.0	0.100 (0.064)	0.11	8.3	−0.003 (0.037)	0.92	68.9
Serum uric acid
ARVSBP	0.009 (0.008)	0.27	0.1	0.009 (0.008)	0.30	1.6	0.011 (0.008)	0.18	11.0
ARVDBP	0.022 (0.009)	0.01	0.5	0.016 (0.009)	0.07	1.8	0.012 (0.008)	0.16	11.0
SDSBP	0.020 (0.011)	0.06	0.3	0.019 (0.011)	0.08	1.8	0.019 (0.010)	0.05	11.1
SDDBP	0.038 (0.012)	< 0.01	1.0	0.030 (0.012)	0.01	2.1	0.027 (0.011)	0.01	11.3
Serum triglycerides
ARVSBP	0.031 (0.673)	0.96	0.0	−0.014 (0.663)	0.98	3.0	0.310 (0.615)	0.61	18.2
ARVDBP	1.155 (0.712)	0.10	0.2	0.473 (0.715)	0.50	3.0	0.343 (0.660)	0.60	18.2
SDSBP	−0.003 (0.871)	0.99	0.0	−0.121 (0.860)	0.88	3.0	0.141 (0.796)	0.86	18.2
SDDBP	1.545 (0.946)	0.10	0.2	0.493 (0.954)	0.60	3.0	0.478 (0.881)	0.58	18.2
Fasting glucose
ARVSBP	−0.008 (0.086)	0.92	0.0	−0.011 (0.086)	0.90	0.5	0.006 (0.084)	0.94	5.2
ARVDBP	0.024 (0.091)	0.79	0.0	−0.014 (0.092)	0.88	0.5	−0.033 (0.090)	0.71	5.2
SDSBP	0.036 (0.111)	0.74	0.0	0.029 (0.111)	0.79	0.5	0.028 (0.109)	0.79	5.2
SDDBP	0.126 (0.120)	0.29	0.0	0.072 (0.123)	0.55	0.2	0.058 (0.121)	0.62	4.5
High-density lipoprotein
ARVSBP	−0.134 (0.063)	0.03	0.4	−0.131 (0.063)	0.03	0.9	−0.080 (0.060)	0.18	11.3
ARVDBP	−0.062 (0.067)	0.36	0.1	−0.045 (0.068)	0.51	0.6	0.004 (0.065)	0.95	11.2
SDSBP	−0.130 (0.082)	0.11	0.2	−0.121 (0.082)	0.14	0.7	−0.058 (0.078)	0.45	11.2
SDDBP	−0.120 (0.089)	0.18	0.1	−0.095 (0.091)	0.29	0.3	−0.022 (0.087)	0.79	10.4

Data are presented as β (SE) using Pearson’s correlation coefficient for Model 2: SBP and DBP adjustments; Model 3: The covariates in Model 2, age, BMI, total cholesterol, exercise frequency, current drinker and current smoker adjustments. SBP: Systolic blood pressure; DBP: Diastolic blood pressure; ARV: Average real variability; SD: Standard deviation; SE: Standard errors.