Application of Newcastle disease virus in the treatment of colorectal cancer

Table 1 Summary of clinical studies using NDV in CRC

Ref.	Type of NDV	Aim of the study	Tumor type	Number of subjects	Outcomes
Bohle et al[75]	ATV-NDV	Phase I clinical trial	Colon cancer	16 patients	2 patients exhibited an enhanced specific anti-tumor response
Lehner et al[76]	ATV-NDV	Phase I clinical trial	CRC	20 patients	16 patients produced an active, specific immune response
Liebrich et al[77]	ATV-NDV	Phase II clinical trial	CRC	23 patients	The active immune response in the patients was increased
Schlag et al[78]	ATV-NDV	Phase II clinical trial	CRC	23 patients	A 61% tumor recurrence rate was observed in vaccinated patients compared with 87% of patients treated with surgery alone
Schulze et al[79]	ATV-NDV	Phase III clinical trial	CRC	50 patients	Advantages in terms of overall survival in subgroup; ATV-NDV appears to be beneficial prolonging overall survival and metastasis-free survival
Liang et al[80]	ATV-NDV	Phase III clinical trial	CRC	567 patients	Average survival and median survival of the immunotherapy group (310 patients) were higher than those of the control group (257 patients)
Schirrmacher et al[82]	ATV-NDV and bsHN-CD28	Phase I clinical trial	CRC	14 patients	4 patients experienced a partial diminishment of metastases

ATV: Autologous tumor vaccine; CRC: Colorectal cancer; NDV: Newcastle disease virus.