Combined exercise improves gastrointestinal motility in psychiatric in patients

Table 1 Combined exercise program for 12 wk

Combined exercise program
Frequency	60 min, 3 times/wk, 12 wk
Exercise Program	Exercise (time): Contents
Warm-up	Stretching (10 min): Various stretches
Main exercise (40 min)	Resistance exercise1 (20 min)	Aerobic exercise (20 min)
	Chest press Seated row Squat Shoulder press Bicep curl Tricep extension Calf raise Reverse crunch	Jogging/running
	10 reps, 2 sets	VO2max 60%
Cool-down (10 min)	Stretching (10 min): Various stretches

¹With Thera band.

Table 2 Changes in the physical characteristics of the subjects after 12 wk of combined exercise training

Variable	Combined exercise (n = 31)		Control (n = 21)		P
	Pre	Post	Pre	Post
Age (yr)	48.8 ± 9.5		49.9 ± 11.2
Height (cm)	165.6 ± 6.7	165.7 ± 6.6	168.2 ± 4.1	167.8 ± 5.2	0.804
Weight (kg)	70.9 ± 12.8	69.1 ± 11.3	68.6 ± 13.9	67.0 ± 14.3	0.961
BMI (kg/m2)	25.8 ± 4.4	25.0 ± 3.9	24.1 ± 4.1	24.2 ± 4.7	0.557
Lean body mass (kg)	47.4 ± 7.1	49.2 ± 8.1	44.7 ± 5.2	46.8 ± 7.3	0.890
Body fat percentage (%)	30.7 ± 9.5	28.0 ± 9.3	33.4 ± 10.4	30.9 ± 9.2	0.913
SBP (mmHg)	122.0 ± 20.1	115.7 ± 15.4	125.9 ± 16.9	112.8 ± 19.3	0.075
DBP (mmHg)	79.3 ± 10.2	73.8 ± 9.2	87.1 ± 15.3	76.9 ± 13.1	0.154
Resting heart rate	88.1 ± 15.7	81.2 ± 11.9	87.4 ± 10.2	80.5 ± 8.5	0.980
Thigh circumference (cm)	42.6 ± 5.9	47.0 ± 11.4	44.0 ± 6.0	46.3 ± 8.5	0.496
Waist circumference (cm)	90.8 ± 12.2	87.5 ± 11.7	91.8 ± 12.7	90.5 ± 14.6	0.532

The values are shown as the mean ± SD. BMI: Body mass index; SBP: Systolic blood pressure; DBP: Diastolic blood pressure.

Table 3 LChanges in the physical fitness of the subjects after 12 wk of combined exercise training

Variable	Combined exercise (n = 31)		Control (n = 21)		P
	Pre	Post	Pre	Post
Grip strength (kg)	25.8 ± 9.3	28.0 ± 8.6	29.5 ± 10.0	29.3 ± 8.2	0.113
Leg strength (kg)	42.5 ± 21.0	62.6 ± 21.6b	42.4 ± 15.2	42.8 ± 5.5	0.009d
YMCA step test (beat per min)	122.4 ± 16.0	111.0 ± 13.9	120.3 ± 16.4	119.6 ± 11.7	0.084
Vertical jump (cm)	21.5 ± 10.1	27.8 ± 11.2f	21.5 ± 12.2	24.3 ± 11.2	0.159
Sit and reach (cm)	4.3 ± 8.9	5.7 ± 8.8a	3.9 ± 8.5	5.4 ± 8.1	0.549

The values are shown as the mean ± SD. The change in leg strength reflect the difference in the time × group interaction between the exercise and control groups (^dP = 0.009); Significant differences between pre and post combined exercise group in leg strength (^bP = 0.003). Significant differences between pre and post combined exercise group in vertical jump (^fP = 0.001). Significant differences between pre and post combined exercise group in sit and reach (^aP = 0.033).

Table 4 Changes in segmental colon transit time among the subjects after 12 wk of combined exercise training

Variable	Combined exercise (n = 31)		Control (n = 21)		P
	Pre	Post	Pre	Post
RCTT (h)	15.6 ± 15.2	9.2 ± 11.9	13.1 ± 10.4	10.9 ± 18.7	0.370
LCTT (h)	19.7 ± 23.5	10.4 ± 13.2f	19.2 ± 19.0	16.9 ± 19.8	0.207
RSCTT (h)	14.3 ± 16.7	6.7 ± 7.9	15.0 ± 14.4	19.3 ± 30.3	0.041a
TCTT (h)	50.2 ± 38.1	27.1 ± 28.0h	47.4 ± 34.6	47.3 ± 47.3	0.019d

The values are shown as the mean ± SD. The change in RSCTT reflects the difference in the time × group interaction between the exercise and control groups (^aP = 0.041). The change in TCTT reflects the difference in the time × group interaction between the exercise and control groups (^dP = 0.019). Significant differences between pre and post combined exercise group in LCTT (^fP = 0.040). Significant differences between pre and post combined exercise group in TCTT (^hP = 0.017). RCTT: Right colon transit time; LCTT: Left colon transit time; RSCTT: Recto-sigmoid colon transit time; TCTT: Total colon transit time.