Primary prevention of cardiovascular disease in older adults in China

Table 1 Target lipid level across different risk groups of older Chinese (men ≥ 45 years old or women ≥ 55 years old)

Current lipid level (mmol/L)	Risk level	Target lipid level (mmol/L)
TC ≥ 7.2 or LDL-C ≥ 4.9	High	Primary target
4.1 ≤ TC < 7.2 or 2.6 ≤ LDL-C < 4.9 (hypertension + smoking or low HDL-C)		LDL-C < 2.6
3.1 ≤ TC < 7.2 or 2.6 ≤ LDL-C < 4.9 (hypertension + smoking + low-HDL-C)		Secondary target
3.1 ≤ TC < 7.2 or 1.8 ≤ LDL-C < 4.9 (diabetes)		Non-HDL-C < 3.4
5.2 ≤ TC < 7.2 or 3.4 ≤ LDL-C < 4.9 (smoking or low HDL-C)	Moderate	Primary target
4.1 ≤ TC < 7.2 or 2.6 ≤ LDL-C < 4.9 (hypertension, or smoking + low HDL-C)		LDL-C < 3.4
3.1 ≤ TC < 4.1 or 1.8 ≤ LDL-C < 2.6 (hypertension + smoking or low HDL-C)		Secondary target
		Non-HDL-C < 4.1
3.1 ≤ TC < 7.2 or 1.8 ≤ LDL-C < 4.9	Low	Primary target
3.1 ≤ TC<5.2 or 1.8 ≤ LDL-C < 3.4 (smoking or low HDL-C)		LDL-C < 3.4
3.1 ≤ TC < 4.1 or 1.8 ≤ LDL-C < 2.6 (hypertension or smoking + low HDL-C)		Secondary Target
		Non-HDL-C < 4.1

LDL-C: Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; TC: Total cholesterol; HDL-C: High-density lipoprotein cholesterol.

Table 2 Glycemic goals across different clinical conditions of older Chinese (men ≥ 45-year-old or women ≥ 55-year-old)

Clinical conditions	Glycemic goals
> 10 yr of life expectancy	HbA1c < 7%
Good medical support	Fasting plasma glucose < 7 mmol/L
High expected benefit from treatment	Postprandial blood glucose < 10.0 mmol/L
Low hypoglycaemia risk	Stabile blood glucose level
> 10 yr of life expectancy	HbA1c = 7%
New diagnosed and relatively young
No syndromes or complications
Low risk of treatment-related hypoglycaemia
Not using glycaemic-lowering medications or only use one type of non-insulin secretagogues
Good treatment adherence
> 10 yr life expectancy	HbA1c < 7.5%
Type I or type II diabetes
Mild syndromes or complications
Moderate risk of treatment-related hypoglycaemia
Receiving insulin secretagogues or insulin therapy
< 5 yr of life expectancy	HbA1c < 8%
Moderate syndromes or complications
Moderate risk of hypoglycaemia
Receiving insulin secretagogues or primarily multiple insulin injections
< 5 yr of life expectancy	HbA1c < 8.5%
Incapable to self-manage	Avoid acute diabetic complications or refractory infections caused by severe hyperglycaemia
	Blood glucose < 11.1 mmol/L

Table 3 Target levels of blood pressure, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol for older Chinese with diabetes

Risk group	Target blood pressurelevel (mmol/L)	Target lipid level (mmol/L)
Diabetes	< 130/80 mmHg	Primary target
		LDL-C < 2.6
		Secondary target
		Non-HDL-C < 3.4
Diabetes with hypertension and another risk factor	< 130/80 mmHg	Primary target
		LDL-C < 1.8
		Secondary target
		Non-HDL-C < 2.6

LDL-C: Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; Non-HDL-C: Non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol.