Giant cell arteritis: Current treatment and management

Table 1 Eye manifestations in giant cell arteritis

Anterior ischemic optic neuropathy

Posterior ischemic optic neuropathy

Arterial occlusion (central retinal artery, branch retinal artery or cilioretinal vessels)

Amaurosis fugax

“Cotton-wool spots” (microinfarcts of the retinal nerve fiber layer)

Diplopia (involvement of muscles, cranial nerves, or brainstem)

Ocular ischaemic syndrome (hypotension, ischaemic iritis)

Adapted from Ness et al[17].