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©The Author(s) 2015.
World J Clin Cases. May 16, 2015; 3(5): 418-429
Published online May 16, 2015. doi: 10.12998/wjcc.v3.i5.418
Published online May 16, 2015. doi: 10.12998/wjcc.v3.i5.418
Table 1 Distribution by age groups of demographic and cardiovascular risk factors in 2704 consecutive patients with cerebral infarction collected from the “Sagrat Cor Hospital of Barcelona Stroke Registry”[7] n (%)
Data | < 65 yr (n = 386) | 65-74 yr (n = 680) | ≥75-84 yr (n = 1068) | ≥85 yr (n = 570) |
Gender | ||||
Males | 270 (69.9) | 409 (60.1) | 471 (44.1) | 186 (32.6) |
Females | 116 (30.1) | 271 (39.9) | 597 (55.9) | 384 (67.4) |
Vascular risk factors | ||||
Hypertension | 186 (48.2) | 415 (61) | 624 (58.4) | 276 (48.4) |
Atrial fibrillation | 38 (9.8) | 157 (23.1) | 366 (34.3) | 246 (43.2) |
Diabetes mellitus | 90 (23.3) | 187 (27.5) | 252 (23.6) | 103 (18.1) |
Dyslipidemia | 86 (22.3) | 179 (26.3) | 161 (15.1) | 54 (9.5) |
Previous cerebral infarction | 42 (10.9) | 130 (19.1) | 194 (18.2) | 102 (17.9) |
Ischemic heart disease | 37 (9.6) | 128 (18.8) | 185 (17.3) | 85 (14.9) |
Smoking (> 20 cigarettes/d) | 34 (8.8) | 85 (12.5) | 132 (12.4) | 66 (11.6) |
COPD | 112 (29) | 88 (12.9) | 50 (4.7) | 10 (1.8) |
Peripheral vascular disease | 14 (3.6) | 54 (7.9) | 103 (9.6) | 52 (9.1) |
Heart valve disease | 22 (5.7) | 79 (11.6) | 86 (8.1) | 27 (4.7) |
Congestive heart failure | 26 (6.7) | 46 (6.8) | 69 (6.5) | 33 (5.8) |
Obesity (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2) | 7 (1.8) | 16 (2.4) | 54 (5.1) | 71 (12.5) |
Oral anticoagulants | 20 (5.2) | 42 (6.2) | 44 (4.1) | 12 (2.1) |
Alcohol abuse (≥ 80 g/d) | 10 (2.6) | 25 (3.7) | 41 (3.8) | 18 (3.2) |
Previous cerebral hemorrhage | 38 (9.8) | 20 (2.9) | 7 (0.7) | 1 (0.2) |
Table 2 Comparison of demographic data, risk factors, neuroimaging findings and early outcome between stroke patients with intracerebral hemorrhage and cerebral infarctions (“Sagrat Cor Hospital of Barcelona Stroke Registry” period 1986-2004)[72] n (%)
Variable | Intracerebral hemorrhage (n = 380) | Cerebral infarction (n = 2082) |
Age, yr, mean (SD) | 72.51 (12.55) | 74.97 (12.21) |
Age, yr | ||
< 65 | 83 (21.8) | 329 (15.8) |
65-74 | 112 (29.5) | 521 (25.0) |
75-84 | 120 (31.6) | 808 (38.8) |
≥ 85 | 65 (17.1) | 424 (20.4) |
Gender | ||
Males | 199 (52.4) | 987 (47.4) |
Females | 171 (47.6) | 1095 (52.6) |
Lacunar syndromes | 36 (9.5) | 554 (31.4) |
Hypertension | 233 (61.3) | 1126 (54.1) |
Diabetes mellitus | 56 (14.7) | 471 (22.6) |
Atrial fibrillation | 58 (15.3) | 609 (29.3) |
COPD | 29 (7.6) | 166 (8.0) |
Magnetic resonance imaging | 95 (25) | 656 (31.5) |
Respiratory events | 45 (11.8) | 183 (8.8) |
Symptom-free at discharge | 23 (6.1) | 382 (18.3) |
In-hospital mortality | 107 (28.2) | 249 (12.0) |
Transfer to a convalescence/rehabilitation unit | 64 (16.8) | 243 (11.7) |
Length of stay, median (IQR) | 15 (8-26) | 12 (8-20) |
Table 3 Cardiovascular risk factors in 2704 consecutive patients with cerebral infarction collected from the “Sagrat Cor Hospital of Barcelona Stroke Registry” according to the different stroke subtypes[7] n (%)
Variables | Atherothrombotic(n = 770) | Lacunar(n = 773) | Cardioembolic(n = 763) | Undeterminedcause (n = 324) | Unusual cause(n = 114) |
Hypertension | 509 (66.1)b | 525 (71.6)b | 377 (49.4)b | 59 (18.2)b | 31 (27.2)b |
Atrial fibrillation | 120 (15.6)b | 81 (11.1)b | 573 (75.1)b | 25 (7.7)b | 8 (7)b |
Diabetes mellitus | 242 (31.4)b | 218 (29.7)b | 142 (18.6)d | 24 (7.4)b | 6 (5.3)b |
Dyslipidemia | 164 (21.3)b | 166 (22.6)b | 88 (11.5)b | 52 (16)b | 10 (8.8) |
Previous cerebral infarction | 164 (21.3)b | 117 (16) | 146 (19.1) | 31 (9.6)b | 10 (8.8)d |
Ischemic heart disease | 150 (19.5)a | 104 (14.2) | 163 (21.4)b | 14 (4.3)b | 4 (3.5)b |
History of transient ischemic attack | 116 (15.1)d | 80 (10.9) | 73 (9.6)a | 37 (11.4) | 11 (9.6) |
Smoking (> 20 cigarettes/d) | 87 (11.3)a | 86 (11.7)b | 28 (3.7)b | 41 (12.7)b | 18 (6.9) |
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | 74 (9.6) | 61 (8.3) | 62 (8.1) | 20 (6.2) | 6 (5.3) |
Peripheral vascular disease | 100 (13)d | 57 (7.8) | 50 (6.6) | 3 (0.9)d | 4 (3.5)d |
Heart valve disease | 11 (1.4)b | 21 (2.9)b | 130 (17)b | 6 (1.9)d | 6 (5.3) |
Congestive heart failure | 43 (5.6) | 24 (3.3)d | 72 (9.4)b | 8 (2.5)d | 1 (0.9)a |
Obesity (body mass index ≥ 30 kg/m2) | 36 (4.7) | 47 (6.4)b | 17 (2.2)d | 13 (4) | 5 (4.4) |
Oral anticoagulants | 18 (2.3)a | 7 (1)b | 63 (8.3)b | 2 (0.6)b | 4 (3.5) |
Alcohol abuse (> 80 g/d) | 26 (3.4)a | 21 (2.9) | 5 (0.7)a | 10 (3.1) | 4 (3.5) |
Chronic liver disease | 17 (2.2) | 15 (2.1) | 15 (2) | 10 (3.1) | 0 |
Previous intracerebral hemorrhage | 9 (1.2) | 9 (1.2) | 7 (0.9) | 6 (1.9) | 1 (0.9) |
Table 4 Results of multivariate analysis: cardiovascular risk factors independently associated with the different subtypes of ischemic infarction in 2704 consecutive patients with cerebral infarction collected from the “Sagrat Cor Hospital of Barcelona Stroke Registry”[7]
Odds ratio (95%CI) | |
Atherothrombotic infarction | |
Peripheral vascular disease | 2.28 (1.68-3.08) |
Hypertension | 1.84 (1.53-2.2) |
Diabetes mellitus | 1.66 (1.36-2.03) |
Previous transient ischemic attack | 1.50 (1.16-1.95) |
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | 1.41 (1.04-1.93) |
Previous cerebral infarction | 1.40 (1.12-1.76) |
Ischemic heart disease | 1.33 (1.06-1.68) |
Atrial fibrillation | 0.36 (0.28-0.45) |
Heart valve disease | 0.23 (0.12-0.43) |
Lacunar infarction | |
Hypertension | 2.64 (2.19-3.20) |
Diabetes mellitus | 1.55 (1.23-1.90) |
Obesity (≥ 30 kg/m2) | 1.50 (1.01-2.25) |
Oral anticoagulation | 0.37 (0.16-0.82) |
Heart valve disease | 0.22 (0.17-0.28) |
Cardioembolic | |
Atrial fibrillation | 20.01 (15.98-25.05) |
Heart valve disease | 5.60 (3.60-8.71) |
Ischemic heart disease | 2.09 (1.57-2.78) |
Dyslipidemia | 0.69 (0.50-0.94) |
Diabetes mellitus | 0.68 (0.52-0.89) |
Hypertension | 0.67 (0.54-0.85) |
Previous transient ischemic attack | 0.66 (0.46-0.95) |
Smoking (> 20 cigarettes/d) | 0.54 (0.34-0.88) |
Obesity (≥ 30 kg/m2) | 0.38 (0.20-0.73) |
Undetermined cause | |
Hypertension | 0.12 (0.09-0.17) |
Peripheral vascular disease | 0.13 (0.04-0.41) |
Atrial fibrillation | 0.15 (0.10-0.23) |
Diabetes mellitus | 0.21 (0.13-0.32) |
Ischemic heart disease | 0.24 (0.13-0.42) |
Heart valve disease | 0.34 (0.14-0.80) |
Previous cerebral infarction | 0.61 (0.40-0.93) |
Unusual cause | |
Atrial fibrillation | 0.15 (0.07-0.32) |
Diabetes mellitus | 0.17 (0.07-0.38) |
Ischemic heart disease | 0.21 (0.08-0.58) |
Hypertension | 0.27 (0.18-0.42) |
Table 5 Comparison of cardiovascular risk factors in lacunar infarction and in lacunar syndromes not due to lacunar infarcts[89] n (%)
Datos | Lacunar syndromes not due to lacunar infarction | Lacunar infarcts | P value |
Total patients | 146 | 733 | |
Male sex | 82 (56.2) | 423 (57.7) | 0.73 |
Age, yr, mean ± SD | 72.9 (12.6) | 74.1 (10.2) | 0.285 |
Age ≥ 85 yr | 26 (17.8) | 110 (15.0) | 0.393 |
Risk factors | |||
Hypertension | 107 (73.3) | 525 (71.6) | 0.683 |
Diabetes mellitus | 31 (21.2) | 218 (29.7) | 0.037 |
Heart valve disease | 10 (6.8) | 21 (2.9) | 0.017 |
Ischemic heart disease | 23 (15.8) | 104 (14.2) | 0.623 |
Atrial fibrillation | 44 (30.1) | 81 (11.1) | 0 |
Congestive heart failure | 4 (2.7) | 24 (3.3) | 0.737 |
Previous transient ischemic attack | 12 (8.2) | 80 (10.9) | 0.331 |
Previous cerebral infarction | 16 (11) | 117 (16) | 0.123 |
Head traumatism | 6 (4.1) | 6 (0.8) | 0.006 |
Peripheral vascular disease | 17 (11.6) | 57 (7.8) | 0.124 |
Obesity (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2) | 8 (5.5) | 47 (6.4) | 0.671 |
Alcohol abuse (> 80 g/d) | 7 (4.8) | 21 (2.9) | 0.34 |
Smoking (> 20 cigarettes/d) | 19 (13) | 86 (11.7) | 0.663 |
Dyslipidemia | 29 (19.9) | 166 (22.6) | 0.46 |
- Citation: Arboix A. Cardiovascular risk factors for acute stroke: Risk profiles in the different subtypes of ischemic stroke. World J Clin Cases 2015; 3(5): 418-429
- URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/2307-8960/full/v3/i5/418.htm
- DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.12998/wjcc.v3.i5.418