Endoscopic treatment of orbital tumors

Table 1 Hallmarks of the surgical approaches to the orbit

Approach		Ref.	Location	Size	Contraindication	Advantages	Disadvantages
Lateral orbitotomy		Arai et al[14]	Lateral, dorsal and basal to the ON	All	Medial location	Good view	Cosmetic scar
		Carta et al[11]
Transconjunctival		Cheng et al[16]	Basal and medial intra-extraconal tumors	Small	Medium size and large tumors	Minimally invasive	Limited view
Supraorbital		Maus et al[19]	Superior, lateral and medial	All	Basal location	Good view	Cosmetic scar
Pterional		Schick et al[24]	Superior and medial	All	Basal location	Good view	Invasive
Contralateral pterional		Hassler et al[20]	Superior and medial	All	Basal location	Good view	Invasive
Endonasal microsurgical		Mir-Salim et al[8]	Intraconal lesions	All	Lateral location	Three-dimensional view	Long approach distance and limited view
Endonasal endoscopic		Castelnuovo et al[25]	Inferior and medial to the ON, paranasal sinuses	Medium	Lateral location	Minimally invasive, better cosmetic outcome, short recovery time	Two visual dimensions, Small operative field
Combined	Transcaruncular and transnasal endoscopic cryo-assisted	Campbell et al[7]	Orbital apex	All	Solid consistency	To ablate vascular tumors	Cosmetic scar
	Inferior transconjunct, orbitotomy and transantral endoscopic	Tsirbas et al[22]	Posterior orbit, orbital apex	All	Medial location	Improved visualization and limited manipulation within the orbit	Cosmetic scar
Transorbital endoscopic		Rivkin et al[10]	Posterior lateral	All	Medial location	Decreased surgical morbidity, improved cosmesis	Two-dimensional view, learning curve

ON: Optic nerve.