Sleep disordered breathing in interstitial lung disease: A review

Table 1 Sleep characteristics in interstitial lung disease

Sleep characteristic	Abnormality	Patient group	Ref.
Respiratory rate	Decreased	ILD	[15]
	Unchanged	ILD, IPF	[11-14]
Stage 1/2 sleep	Increased	ILD	[14]
		IPF	[19,20]
REM sleep	Reduced	ILD	[11,14,15,25]
		Scleroderma	[26]
		IPF	[2,19,20]
Slow wave sleep	Reduced	IPF	[13]
		ILD	[17,25]
Arousal index	Increased	ILD	[12,14,15]
		IPF	[2,19,20]
Sleep efficiency	Reduced	ILD	[25]
		IPF	[13,19,20]

ILD: Interstitial lung disease; IPF: Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis; REM: Rapid eye movement.

Table 2 Prevalence of obstructive sleep apnoea in interstitial lung disease populations n (%)

Ref.	Population	Prevalence of OSA	M/F	Age (mean)	BMI(mean)	Comment
Aydoğdu et al[18], 2006	ILD	24 (65)				Abstract only
Mermigkis et al[17], 2007	IPF	11 (61)	12/6	68.1	33.2	Retrospective study; subjects with symptoms of SDB
Lancaster et al[19], 2009	IPF	44 (88)	34/16	65.7	32.2	Prospective study of unselected patients; 16 subjects used oxygen during PSG
Mermigkis et al[20], 2010	IPF	20 (59)	21/13	65.0	27.3	Prospective study of subjects with newly diagnosed IPF
Kolilekas et al[2], 2013	IPF	28 (90)	24/7	68.0	28.7	Increased AHI associated with decreased survival, after exclusion of those prescribed CPAP
Pihtili et al[25], 2013	ILD	34 (68)	14/36	53.9	25.9	Prospective study; excluded obese subjects (BMI ≥ 30)
	IPF	14 (82)
	Sarcoidosis	10 (67)
	Scleroderma	10 (56)

OSA: Obstructive sleep apnoea; BMI: Body mass index; ILD: Interstitial lung disease; IPF: Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis; SDB: Sleep disordered breathing; PSG: Polysomnography; AHI: Apnoea hypopnoea index; CPAP: Continuous positive airway pressure.