Correlation between esmolol usage in the acute phase of ischemic stroke and outcomes of patients undergoing intravenous thrombolysis

Table 1 Clinical characteristics of the study cohort (n = 149), n (%)/median (range)

Characteristic	Study group
Female gender	50 (33.6)
Age, years	69 (30-88)
Length of stay, days	3 (1-52)
Time-window, minutes	145 (45-270)
NIHSS (admission)	11 (2-28)
Diabetes mellitus	32 (21.5)
Arrythmia - AF	54 (36.2)
Hypertension	97 (65.1)
Smoking habit	35 (23.5)
Hyperlipidemia	37 (24.8)
Vascular disease	33 (22.1)
Former ischemic stroke	22 (14.8)

NIHSS: National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale; AF: Atrial fibrillation.

Table 2 Clinical characteristics of the esmolol-untreated (n = 123) and esmolol-treated (n = 26) groups and the safety and efficacy assessments of esmolol, n (%)/median (range)

Characteristic	NEG	EG	P value
Sex
Female	42 (34.1)	8 (30.8)	0.74
Male	81 (65.9)	18 (69.2)
Age, years	69 (30-88)	69 (42-88)	0.9
Time-window, minutes	145 (45-250)	150 (75-270)	0.9
NIHSS (admission)	11 (2-28)	11 (3-23)	0.7
Diabetes mellitus
No	96 (78)	21 (80.8)	0.76
Yes	27 (22)	5 (19.2)
Arrythmia - AF
No	87 (70.7)	8 (30.8)	< 0.001
Yes	36 (29.3)	18 (69.2)
Hypertension
No	48 (39)	4 (15.4)	0.022
Yes	75 (61)	22 (84.6)
Smoking habit
No	95 (77.2)	19 (73.1)	0.65
Yes	28 (22.8)	7 (26.9)
Hyperlipidemia
No	92 (74.8)	20 (76.9)	0.82
Yes	31 (25.2)	6 (23.1)
Vascular disease
No	96 (78)	20 (76.9)	0.9
Yes	27 (22)	6 (23.1)
Former ischemic stroke
No	106 (86.2)	21 (80.8)	0.54
Yes	17 (13.8)	5 (19.2)
Length of stay, days	3 (1-52)	5 (1-52)	0.001
Advanced critical/neurocritical care
No	114 (92.7)	18 (69.2)	0.003
Yes	9 (7.3)	8 (30.8)
Primary adverse event
No	119 (96.7)	23 (88.5)	0.1
Yes	4 (3.3)	3 (11.5)
Death at 3 months
No	110 (89.4)	20 (76.9)	0.1
Yes	13 (10.6)	6 (23.1)
Functional outcome (3 months - mRS)	1 (0-6)	3.5 (0-6)	0.023
Favourable (mRS ≤ 2)	86 (69.9)	11 (42.3)	0.007
Unfavourable (mRS > 2)	37 (30.1)	15 (57.7)

NIHSS: National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale; AF: Atrial fibrillation; mRS: Modified Rankin Scale; NEG: Esmolol-untreated; EG: Esmolol-treated.

Table 3 Clinical characteristics of the esmolol-treated (n = 22) and esmolol-untreated (n = 75) subgroups among patients with hypertension (n = 97) and the safety and efficacy assessments of esmolol, n (%)/median (range)

Characteristic	NEsG	EsG	P value
Sex
Female	28 (37.3)	6 (27.3)	0.38
Male	47 (62.7)	16 (72.7)
Age, years	72 (48-88)	69.5 (42-88)	0.57
Time-window, minutes	140 (45-250)	145 (75-270)	0.9
NIHSS (admission)	11 (2-28)	11.5 (6-22)	0.97
Diabetes mellitus
No	52 (69.3)	17 (77.3)	0.47
Yes	23 (30.7)	5 (22.7)
Smoking habit
No	58 (77.3)	16 (72.7)	0.66
Yes	17 (22.7)	6 (27.3)
Hyperlipidemia
No	55 (73.3)	16 (72.7)	0.96
Yes	20 (26.7)	6 (27.3)
Vascular disease
No	58 (77.3)	16 (72.7)	0.66
Yes	17 (22.7)	6 (27.3)
Former ischemic stroke
No	64 (85.3)	17 (77.3)	0.35
Yes	11 (14.7)	5 (22.7)
Length of stay, days	3 (1-52)	4 (1-52)	0.013
Advanced critical/neurocritical care
No	69 (92)	17 (77.3)	0.118
Yes	6 (8)	5 (22.7)
Primary adverse event
No	72 (96)	21 (95.5)	1
Yes	3 (4)	1 (4.5)
Death at 3 months
No	65 (86.7)	17 (77.3)	0.32
Yes	10 (13.3)	5 (22.7)
Functional outcome (3 months - mRS)	1 (0-6)	3 (0-6)	0.23
Favourable (mRS ≤ 2)	50 (66.7)	10 (45.5)	0.07
Unfavourable (mRS > 2)	25 (33.3)	12 (54.5)

NIHSS: National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale; mRS: Modified Rankin Scale; EsG: Esmolol-treated; NEsG: Esmolol-untreated.

Table 4 Clinical characteristics of the esmolol-untreated (n = 48) and esmolol-treated (n = 4) subgroups among patients without hypertension (n = 52) and the safety and efficacy assessments of esmolol, n (%)/median (range)

Characteristic	NEsG	EsG	P value
Sex
Female	14 (29.2)	2 (50)	0.6
Male	34 (70.8)	2 (50)
Age, years	61.5 (30-83)	59 (43-73)	0.75
Time-window, minutes	145 (55-250)	157.5 (110-170)	1
NIHSS (admission)	8.5 (3-22)	9.5 (3-23)	0.93
Diabetes mellitus
No	44 (91.7)	4 (100)	1
Yes	4 (8.3)	0 (0)
Smoking habit
No	37 (77.1)	3 (75)	1
Yes	11 (22.9)	1 (25)
Hyperlipidemia
No	37 (77.1)	4 (100)	0.57
Yes	11 (22.9)	0 (0)
Vascular disease
No	38 (79.2)	4 (100)	0.58
Yes	10 (20.8)	0 (0)
Former ischemic stroke
No	42 (87.5)	4 (100)	1
Yes	6 (12.5)	0 (0)
Length of stay, days	2 (1-36)	26 (2-39)	0.03
Advanced critical/neurocritical care
No	45 (93.8)	1 (25)	0.003
Yes	3 (6.2)	3 (75)
Primary adverse event
No	47 (97.9)	2 (50)	0.013
Yes	1 (2.1)	2 (50)
Death at 3 months
No	45 (93.8)	3 (75)	0.28
Yes	3 (6.2)	1 (25)
Functional outcome (3 months - mRS)	1 (0-6)	5 (0-6)	0.019
Favourable (mRS ≤ 2)	36 (75)	1 (25)	0.07
Unfavourable (mRS > 2)	12 (25)	3 (75)

NIHSS: National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale; mRS: Modified Rankin Scale; NEsG: Esmolol-untreated; EsG: Esmolol-treated.

Table 5 Clinical characteristics of the esmolol-untreated (n = 87) and esmolol-treated (n = 8) subgroups among patients without arrythmia (n = 95) and the safety and efficacy assessments of esmolol, n (%)/median (range)

Characteristic	NEsG	EsG	P value
Sex
Female	23 (26.4)	2 (25)	1
Male	64 (73.6)	6 (75)
Age, years	67 (30-86)	57 (49-86)	0.22
Time-window, minutes	145 (55-250)	157.5 (125-220)	0.78
NIHSS (admission)	10 (2-28)	10.5 (6-20)	0.87
Diabetes mellitus
No	70 (80.5)	7 (87.5)	1
Yes	17 (19.5)	1 (12.5)
Hypertension
No	39 (44.8)	1 (12.5)	0.13
Yes	48 (55.2)	7 (87.5)
Smoking habit
No	65 (74.7)	5 (62.5)	0.43
Yes	22 (25.3)	3 (37.5)
Hyperlipidemia
No	65 (74.7)	6 (75)	1
Yes	22 (25.3)	2 (25)
Vascular disease
No	69 (79.3)	7 (87.5)	1
Yes	18 (20.7)	1 (12.5)
Former ischemic stroke
No	77 (88.5)	4 (50)	0.015
Yes	10 (11.5)	4 (50)
Length of stay, days	2 (1-52)	9 (1-52)	0.006
Advanced critical/neurocritical care
No	81 (93.1)	5 (62.5)	0.026
Yes	6 (6.9)	3 (37.5)
Primary adverse event
No	85 (97.7)	6 (75)	0.034
Yes	2 (2.3)	2 (25)
Death at 3 months
No	79 (90.8)	5 (62.5)	0.048
Yes	8 (9.2)	3 (37.5)
Functional outcome (3 months - mRS)	1 (0-6)	4.5 (0-6)	0.18
Favourable (mRS ≤ 2)	62 (71.3)	3 (37.5)	0.1
Unfavourable (mRS > 2)	25 (28.7)	5 (62.5)

NIHSS: National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale; mRS: Modified Rankin Scale; NEsG: Esmolol-untreated; EsG: Esmolol-treated.

Table 6 Clinical characteristics of the esmolol-untreated (n = 36) and esmolol-treated (n = 18) subgroups among patients with arrhythmia-atrial fibrillation (n = 54) and the safety and efficacy assessments of esmolol, n (%)/median (range)

Characteristic	NEsG	EsG	P value
Sex
Female	19 (52.8)	6 (33.3)	0.18
Male	17 (47.2)	12 (66.7)
Age, years	74 (40-88)	72 (42-88)	0.7
Time-window, minutes	130 (45-250)	145 (75-270)	0.8
NIHSS (admission)	12 (3-25)	12 (3-23)	0.8
Diabetes mellitus
No	26 (72.2)	14 (77.8)	0.75
Yes	10 (27.8)	4 (22.2)
Hypertension
No	9 (25)	3 (16.7)	0.73
Yes	27 (75)	15 (83.3)
Smoking habit
No	30 (83.3)	14 (77.8)	0.7
Yes	6 (16.7)	4 (22.2)
Hyperlipidemia
No	27 (75)	14 (77.8)	1
Yes	9 (25)	4 (22.2)
Vascular disease
No	27 (75)	13 (72.2)	1
Yes	9 (25)	5 (27.8)
Former ischemic stroke
No	29 (80.6)	17 (94.4)	0.25
Yes	7 (19.4)	1 (5.6)
Length of stay, days	3 (1-29)	3.5 (2-39)	0.207
Advanced critical/neurocritical care
No	33 (91.7)	13 (72.2)	0.1
Yes	3 (8.3)	5 (27.8)
Primary adverse event
No	34 (94.4)	17 (94.4)	1
Yes	2 (5.6)	1 (5.6)
Death at 3 months
No	31 (86.1)	15 (83.3)	1
Yes	5 (13.9)	3 (16.7)
Functional outcome (3 months - mRS)	1 (0-6)	3 (0-6)	0.16
Favourable (mRS ≤ 2)	24 (66.7)	8 (44.4)	0.12
Unfavourable (mRS > 2)	12 (33.3)	10 (55.6)

NIHSS: National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale; mRS: Modified Rankin Scale; NEsG: Esmolol-untreated; EsG: Esmolol-treated.