Bone morphogenetic protein alone vs in combination with bone graft in management of non-union of tibia fractures

Table 1 Characteristics of the participants and their fracture (n = 126), mean ± SD/n (%)

Characteristics
Age (years)	42.92 ± 7.99
Gender
Male	31 (24.6)
Female	95 (75.4)
Mechanism of injury
RTA	30 (30.2)
Fall	88 (69.8)
Fracture characteristics
Open	97 (77.0)
Closed	29 (23.0)
Diabetes mellitus
Yes	58 (46.00)
No	68 (54.00)
Duration of non-union (months)	3.21 ± 0.86
Non-union duration distribution (months)
≤ 3	81 (64.30)
> 3	45 (35.70)
Radiological union
Yes	53 (42.10)
No	73 (57.90)

RTA: Road traffic accidents.

Table 2 Comparison of radiological union with respect to group (n = 126), n (%)

Group	Radiological union achieved (yes)	Radiological union not achieved (no)	Total	P value
BMP	39 (61.9)	24 (38.1)	63 (100)	< 0.001
BMP with bone graft group	14 (22.2)	49 (77.8)	63 (100)

BMP: Bone morphogenetic proteins.

Table 3 Stratified analysis of radiological union outcomes by participant characteristics and treatment group, n (%)

Factor	Group	Radiological union achieved (yes)	Radiological union not achieved (no)	Total	P value
Age ≤ 43 years	BMP	39 (62.9)	23 (37.1)	62 (100)	0.208
	BMP with bone graft	5 (41.7)	7 (58.3)	12 (100)
Age > 43 years	BMP	0 (0)	1 (100)	1 (100)	> 0.999
	BMP with bone graft	9 (17.6)	42 (82.4)	51 (100)
Gender (male)	BMP	9 (56.3)	7 (43.8)	16 (100)	0.066
	BMP with bone graft	3 (20.0)	12 (80.0)	15 (100)
Gender (female)	BMP	30 (63.8)	17 (36.2)	47 (100)	< 0.001
	BMP with bone graft	11 (22.9)	37 (77.1)	48 (100)
Mechanism (RTA)	BMP	8 (66.7)	4 (33.3)	12 (100)	0.004
	BMP with bone graft	5 (19.2)	21 (80.8)	26 (100)
Mechanism (fall)	BMP	31 (60.8)	20 (39.2)	51 (100)	0.001
	BMP with bone graft	9 (24.3)	28 (75.7)	37 (100)
Fracture (closed)	BMP	7 (35.0)	13 (65.0)	20 (100)	> 0.999
	BMP with bone graft	3 (33.3)	6 (66.7)	9 (100)
Fracture (open)	BMP	32 (74.4)	11 (25.6)	43 (100)	< 0.001
	BMP with bone graft	11 (20.4)	43 (79.6)	54 (100)
Diabetes	BMP	35 (81.4)	8 (18.6)	43 (100)	0.017
	BMP with bone graft	7 (46.7)	8 (53.3)	15 (100)
No diabetes	BMP	4 (20.0)	16 (80.0)	20 (100)	0.719
	BMP with bone graft	7 (14.6)	41 (85.4)	48 (100)
Non-union duration ≤ 3 months	BMP	28 (57.1)	21 (42.9)	49 (100)	0.025
	BMP with bone graft	10 (31.3)	22 (68.8)	32 (100)
Non-union duration > 3 months	BMP	11 (78.6)	3 (21.4)	14 (100)	< 0.001
	BMP with bone graft	4 (12.9)	27 (87.1)	31 (100)

BMP: Bone morphogenetic proteins; RTA: Road traffic accidents.