Bioresorbable biliary stents: A step forward

Table 1 Six promising biodegradable stents

Ref.	Stent type	Material composition	Degradation time	Clinical advantages	Application scenarios
Battistel et al[12]	PDO stent	PPDX	Medium degradation (approximately 20 days)	Great biocompatibility, moderate mechanical strength	Used for benign biliary strictures, technical success rate of 98%-100%
Zhang et al[8]	PLA stent	PLA	Slow degradation (11 weeks)	Long degradation cycle, suitable for long-term support	Patency time significantly better than PDO stents
Kim et al[10]	PCL stent	Polycaprolactone mixed with barium sulfate (3D printed)	Degradation rate adjustable via 3D printing	Supports personalized design, excellent radiopacity	Prevention of postoperative biliary strictures
Peng et al[15]	Magnesium alloy stent	Degradable magnesium (Mg)	Degradation time not specified, combines drainage and anti-cancer functions	Antibacterial, anti-tumor effects	Experiments show it can induce apoptosis in gallbladder cancer cells
Pan et al[16]	CS stent	Chitosan mixed with contrast agent (3D printed)	Potential for rapid degradation	Great biocompatibility	In development for pancreatic duct stents, biliary applications to be explored
Guerra et al[17]	Composite Stent	E.g., PLA/PDO blends, drug-coated stents	Adjusted based on material combination (e.g., PLA+PDO achieves varying degradation rates)	Multifunctional (e.g., drug release, anti-bile adhesion)	Anti-bile adhesion coatings, drug delivery

PDO: Polydioxanone; PPDX: Polydioxanone; PLA: Polylactic acid; CS: Chitosan.