Current evidence on artificial intelligence in regional anesthesia

Table 1 Commercially available devices

Device name	Manufacturer	Features	Remarks
ScanNav Anatomy Peripheral Nerve Blocks[23]	Intelligent Ultrasound, Cardiff, United Kingdom	Color overlay of key sono-anatomical structures in 10 commonly performed peripheral nerve blocks	Plug-and-play device, compatible with selected ultrasound machines
Nerve blox[26]	Smart Alfa Teknoloji San. Ve Tic. A.S. in Ankara, Turkey	Color overlay of anatomical landmarks and supports 12 types of nerve blocks	Plug-and-play device, compatible with selected ultrasound machines
Nerve track[28]	Samsung, Suwon, South Korea	Yellow box around the nerves	In-built AI feature in the ultrasound machine
Smart nerve[29]	Mindray Shenzhen, China	Color overlay of neural structures, real-time needle navigation based on 3D magnetic field technology	In-built AI feature in the ultrasound machine
CNerve[27]	GE Healthcare, Chicago, IL, United States	Highlights the target nerve to distinguish it from surrounding anatomical structures	AI feature in-built in ultrasound machine
Accuro[30]	Rivanna Medical Charlottesville, VA, United States	Provide a real-time 3D view of spine with accurate determination of the depth of epidural space	Handheld device
USINE[35]	HiCura Medical Singapore	Realtime identification of spinal level during central neuraxial blocks by using name tags	Plug-and-play device, compatible with most ultrasound probes
Needle Trainer™[40]	Intelligent Ultrasound Cardiff, United Kingdom	Provides non-invasive simulation of needle manipulation on a live participant	Do not provide haptic feedback of needle manipulation
Onvision® Needle Tip Tracking[45]	B Braun Melsungen AG, Melsungen, Germany	Onvision accurately indicates the needle tip position inside the body both in and out of the ultrasound viewing plane	Exclusively works with Philips Xperius ultrasound system

AI: Artificial Intelligence; 3D: Three-dimensional.