Recent advances in managing obstructive sleep apnea

Table 1 Treatment modalities of obstructive sleep apnea

Broad modalities	Specific modalities	Evidence
Conservative measures	Weight reduction	Moderate
	Exercise	Moderate
	Positional sleep therapy	Moderate
	Alcohol avoidance	Moderate
Airway pressure treatments	Continuous positive airway pressure	High (Gold standard)
	Nasal expiratory airway pressure devices	Moderate
	Intraoral negative pressure therapy	Moderate-low
Pharmacological therapy	Antidepressants, carbonic anhydrase inhibitors	Very low
Surgical procedures	Uvulopalatopharyngoplasty	Moderate-low
	Tongue size reduction	Moderate-low
	Hypoglossal nerve stimulation	Moderate-low
	Maxillomandibular advancement	Moderate-low