Adrenaline in pulp capping treatment of reversible pulpitis

Table 1 Grades of the 24-h postoperative pain, n (%)

Group	n	I	II	III
Control	50	34 (68.00)	11 (22.00)	5 (10.00)
Adrenaline	50	45 (90.00)a	3 (6.00)	2 (4.00)
Z value		7.389
P value		0.025

^aP < 0.01 vs control group.Data are n (%).

Table 2 Regression time of postoperative gingival congestion and swelling

Group	n	Time of gingival congestion resolution	Time for gingival swelling to subside
Control	50	3.26 ± 1.36	4.28 ± 1.61
Adrenaline	50	3.12 ± 1.51	2.73 ± 1.36
t		4.261	5.200
P value		< 0.001	< 0.001

Table 3 Clinical efficacy between the two groups

Group	Ineffective	Effective	Cured	Effective rate
Control	10 (20.00)	21 (42.00)	19 (38.00)	40 (80.00)
Adrenaline	3 (6.00)	18 (36.00)	29 (58.00)	47 (94.00)
Z/χ2	6.083			4.332
P value	0.048			0.037

Data are n (%).

Table 4 Baseline characteristics of the study patients

Variable	Ineffective, n = 13	Effective, n = 87	t/χ2	P value
Sex
Male	7 (53.85)	50 (57.47)	0.061	0.805
Female	6 (46.15)	37 (42.53)
Age in yr	47.92 ± 4.61	47.43 ± 4.13	0.393	0.695
Disease duration in mo	2.52 ± 1.38	2.24 ± 0.58	1.295	0.198
Site
Premolar	10 (76.92)	78 (89.66)	0.740	0.390
Molar tooth	3 (23.08)	9 (10.34)
Cold irritant pain
Yes	9 (69.23)	73 (83.91)	0.806	0.369
No	4 (30.77)	14 (16.09)
Heat tingling pain
Yes	10 (76.92)	74 (85.06)	0.116	0.733
No	3 (23.08)	13 (14.94)
Cold stimulation retards pain
Yes	7 (53.85)	38 (43.68)	0.151	0.698
No	6 (46.15)	49 (56.32)
Heat stimulation retards pain
Yes	8 (61.54)	42 (48.28)	0.796	0.372
No	5 (38.46)	45 (51.72)
Nocturnal pain
Yes	5 (38.46)	36 (41.38)	0.040	0.842
No	8 (61.54)	51 (58.62)
Percussion pain
Yes	7 (53.85)	38 (43.68)	0.472	0.492
No	6 (46.15)	49 (56.32)
Dental microorganisms
Lactobacillus	0 (0.00)	75 (86.21)	62.118	< 0.001
Streptococcus	7 (53.85)	7 (8.05)
Pseudomonas	4 (30.77)	3 (3.45)
other	2 (15.38)	2 (2.30)
Adrenaline use
Yes	2 (15.38)	48 (55.17)	5.659	0.017
No	11 (84.62)	39 (44.83)
Dental microorganisms, main Gram-positive aerobic bacteria
Staphylococcus aureus	2 (9.52)	37 (22.16)	1.124	0.289
Enterococcus mimicus	1 (4.76)	8 (4.79)	0.288	0.592
Colombian enterococcus	1 (4.76)	2 (1.20)	0.093	0.761
Main Gram-positive anaerobic bacteria
Peptostreptococcus anaerobius	4 (19.05)	5 (2.99)	7.319	0.007
Main Gram-negative anaerobic bacteria
Bacteroides fragilis	2 (9.52)	25 (14.97)	0.116	0.733
Prevotella melanogenes	2 (9.52)	36 (21.56)	1.012	0.314
Porphyromonas gingivalis	2 (9.52)	20 (11.98)	0.001	0.976
Fusobacterium nucleatum	5 (23.81)	10 (5.99)	8.069	0.005
Clostridium parvum	0 (0.00)	6 (3.59)	0.050	0.823

Table 5 Multivariate analysis of the curative effect of reversible pulpitis

Variable	β	SE	Wald χ2	P value	OR	95%CI
Anaerobic Streptococcus	0.523	0.178	8.633	0.003	1.667	1.199-2.317
Fusobacterium nucleatum	0.589	0.201	8.587	0.004	1.761	1.216-2.551
Adrenaline use as yes	-0.742	0.299	6.158	0.013	0.491	0.279-0.864

CI: Confidence interval; OR: Odds ratio; SE: Standard error.