Evaluation of the effects of health education interventions for hypertensive patients based on the health belief model

Table 1 Baseline characteristics of the participants, n (%)/mean ± SD

Variable	Intervention group (n = 80)	Control group (n = 80)	P value
Age (yr)	58.6 ± 9.4	59.2 ± 10.2	0.64
Gender			0.87
Male	37 (52.9)	36 (51.4)
Female	33 (47.1)	34 (48.6)
Education level			0.76
Primary school or below	15 (21.4)	16 (22.9)
Middle school	31 (44.3)	30 (42.9)
High school or above	24 (34.3)	24 (34.3)
Marital status			0.81
Married or cohabiting	64 (91.4)	63 (90.0)
Single, divorced, or widowed	6 (8.6)	7 (10.0)
Occupation			0.69
Employed or self-employed	39 (55.7)	37 (52.9)
Retired or unemployed	31 (44.3)	33 (47.1)
Smoking status			0.92
Current smoker	11 (15.7)	10 (14.3)
Former smoker or never smoker	59 (84.3)	60 (85.7)
Drinking status			0.77
Current drinker	13 (18.6)	14 (20.0)
Former drinker or never drinker	57 (81.4)	56 (80.0)
Body mass index (kg/m2)	25.4 ± 3.2	25.7 ± 3.6	0.54
Duration of hypertension (yr)	8.3 ± 6.4	8.7 ± 7.2	0.71
Number of antihypertensive drugs			0.83
One	31 (44.3)	29 (41.4)
Two or more	39 (55.7)	41 (58.6)
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)	149 ± 14	150 ± 15	0.67
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)	91 ± 9	92 ± 10	0.59
Medication adherence score
MMAS-8	6.2 ± 1.8	6.3 ± 1.9	0.68
Self-efficacy score
SEMCDS	68.4 ± 1.7	68.6 ± 1.8	0.51
Perceived benefits score
HHBS	16.8 ± 2.4	16.9 ± 2.6	0.32
Perceived barriers score
HHBS	11.2 ± 3.1	11.4 ± 3.3	0.49
Perceived susceptibility score
HHBS	14.6 ± 2.9	14.7 ± 3.1	0.56
Perceived severity score
HHBS	15.4 ± 2.7	1 .5 ± 2.8	0.68

P values are based on independent t-tests or chi-square tests. MMAS-8: Morisky medication adherence scale; SEMCDS: Self-efficacy for managing chronic disease scale; HHBS: Hypertension health belief scale.

Table 2 Changes in blood pressure, medication adherence, self-efficacy, and health beliefs between the two groups over time, mean ± SD

Variable	Intervention group (n = 70)			Control group (n = 80)			Group-by-time interaction
	Baseline	3 months	6 months	Baseline	3 months	6 months	P value
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)	149 ± 14	136 ± 12a	133 ± 11a	150 ± 14	145 ± 13	143 ± 12	< 0.001
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)	91 ± 9	83 ± 8a	81 ± 7a	92 ± 9	89 ± 8	88 ± 7	< 0.001
Medication adherence score (MMAS-8)	6.2 ± 1.8	7.4 ± 1.1a	7.6 ± 1.0a	6.1 ± 1.8	6.5 ± 1.7	6.7 ± 1.6	< 0.001
Self-efficacy score (SEMCDS)	68.4 ± 1.7	72.4 ± 1.5a	73.2 ± 1.4a	68.0 ± 1.7	69.5 ± 1.6	70.0 ± 1.5	< 0.001
Perceived benefits score (HHBS)	16.8 ± 2.4	18.2 ± 2.2a	18.5 ± 2.1a	16.7 ± 2.4	17.0 ± 2.3	17.2 ± 2.2	< 0.001
Perceived barriers score (HHBS)	11.2 ± 3.1	9.8 ± 2.9a	9.5 ± 2.8a	11.3 ± 3.1	10.9 ± 3.0	10.7 ± 2.9	< 0.001
Perceived susceptibility score (HHBS)	14.6 ± 2.9	16.0 ± 2.7a	16.3 ± 2.6a	14.5 ± 2.9	15.0 ± 2.8	15.2 ± 2.7	< 0.001
Perceived severity score (HHBS)	15.4 ± 2.7	16.8 ± 2.5a	17.1 ± 2.4a	15.3 ± 2.7	15.8 ± 2.6	16.0 ± 2.5	< 0.001

^aP < 0.05 (significant differences between the intervention and control groups at the same time point).

MMAS-8: Morisky medication adherence scale; SEMCDS: Self-efficacy for managing chronic disease scale; HHBS: Hypertension health belief scale.