Mental health status among COVID-19 patients survivors of critical illness in Saudi Arabia: A 6-month follow-up questionnaire study

Table 1 Participant characteristics

Characteristics	n = 48
Age (years), mean ± SD	56.3 ± 17.2
Gender (male), n (%)	30 (62.5)
Weight (kg), mean ± SD	79.4 ± 20.4
APACHE II score, mean ± SD	12.4 ± 8.1
ICU LOS, (days) mean ± SD	9.1 ± 7.4
Hospital LOS (days), mean ± SD	23.1 ± 17.7
Glasgow coma score, mean ± SD	13.8 ± 3.3
Comorbidities, n (%)
Endocrine diseases	24 (50)
Cardiovascular diseases	21 (43.8)
Respiratory diseases	5 (10.4)
Autoimmune/Inflammatory diseases	3 (6.3)
Hematological diseases	3 (6.3)
Renal diseases	3 (6.3)
Neurological diseases	2 (4.2)
Preexisting mental health problems	2 (4.2)
Hepatic diseases	1 (2.1)
ICU course n (%)
Oxygen support	23 (47.9)
Non-invasive mechanical ventilation	6 (12.5)
Mechanical ventilation	5 (10.4)
Corticosteroid	27 (56.3)
Vasopressor	7 (14.7)
Neuromuscular blocking agents	2 (4)
Tocilizumab	8 (16.3)

APACHE II: Acute physiology and chronic health evaluation; ICU: Intensive care unit.

Table 2 Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale scores among the participants (n = 48)

HADS cut-off scores, n (%)	Anxiety	Depression
Normal (≤ 7)	33 (68.8)	30 (62.5)
Mild (8-10)	4 (8.3)	13 (27)
Moderate (11-14)	7 (14.5)	3 (6.3)
Severe score (15-21)	4 (8.3)	2 (4.1)
Average score, mean ± SD	5.81 ± 5.1	5.6 ± 4
HADS average total score, mean ± SD	11.4 ± 8.5

HADS: Hospital anxiety and depression scale.

Table 3 Multivariable ordered logistic regression for a factor associated with Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (n = 48)

Variable	Odds ratio (95%CI)	P value
Age	1.007 (0.955–1.061)	NS
Gender	1.294 (0.275–6.098)	NS
APACHEII	0.919 (0.790–1.069)	NS
Cardiovascular diseases	0.963 (0.206–4.496)	NS
Respiratory diseases	0.084 (0.005–1.542)	NS
Endocrine diseases	0.550 (0.123–2.453)	NS
Renal diseases	0.165 (0.001–32.99)	NS
Autoimmune/Inflammatory diseases	0.721 (0.040–12.95)	NS
Hematological diseases	0.067 (0.001–8.979)	NS
Oxygen support	6.119 (0.418–89.63)	NS
Non-invasive mechanical ventilation	1.082 (0.025–46.40)	NS
Mechanical ventilation	0.042 (0.0001–10.47)	NS
Corticosteroid use	0.094 (0.006–1.420)	NS
Vasopressor use	39.06 (1.309–1165.8)	< 0.05
Tocilizumab use	1.783 (0.215–14.81)	NS

HADS: Hospital anxiety and depression scale; NS: Non-significant; APACHE II: Acute physiology and chronic health evaluation.