Hyperglycemia in COVID-19 infection without diabetes mellitus: Association with inflammatory markers

Table 1 Demographic information

Patient characteristic	Normoglycemia	Hyperglycemia	Total	P value2
Male sex	102	33	135	0.83
	54.8%	53.2%	54.4%
Vaccinated for COVID	34	10	44	0.87
	18.3%	16.1%	17.7%
Hypertension	81	36	117	0.0471
	43.5%	58.1%	47.2%
Family history of diabetes	16	8	24	0.32
	8.6%	12.9%	9.7%
Prediabetes	5	1	6	13
	2.7%	1.6%	2.4%
ADA - At risk	96	41	137	0.05*
	51.6%	66.1%	55.2%
Chronic liver disease	7	2	9	1.00
	3.8%	3.2%	3.6%
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease	27	7	34	0.39
	14.5%	11.3%	13.7%
Congestive heart failure	33	7	40	0.23
	17.7%	11.3%	16.1%
Chronic kidney disease	31	11	42	0.85
	16.7%	17.7%	16.9%

¹Significant.

²χ² test.

³Fisher’s exact test.

ADA: American Diabetes Association; COVID: Coronavirus disease.

Table 2 Demographic information

Variable	Category	n	Mean	Std dev	Median	IQR	P value1
Age, yr	Normoglycemic	186	63.38	18.52	68.50	23.00	0.366
	Hyperglycemic	62	66.32	15.64	65.00	29.00
Weight, kg	Normoglycemic	186	84.96	26.24	82.50	31.00	0.982
	Hyperglycemic	62	84.71	25.63	82.00	29.00
Height, cm	Normoglycemic	186	168.48	10.67	166.00	18.00	0.376
	Hyperglycemic	62	167.02	10.99	168.00	17.00
BMI	Normoglycemic	186	29.62	7.75	28.50	9.00	0.566
	Hyperglycemic	62	30.02	7.52	28.00	9.00

¹Mann Whitney U test.

BMI: Body mass index; IQR: Interquartile range; Std dev: Standard deviation.

Table 3 Inflammatory marker levels between the two study groups on admission

Variable	Category	n	Mean	Std dev	Median	IQR	P value2
CRP levels on admission	Normoglycemic	186	85.65	74.12	84.00	149.00	0.278
	Hyperglycemic	62	106.56	94.09	74.00	109.00
Ferritin levels on admission	Normoglycemic	186	470.38	984.06	385.50	1109.50	0.0281
	Hyperglycemic	62	1404.40	4758.84	124.00	647.50
LDH levels on admission	Normoglycemic	186	224.45	245.15	276.00	319.50	0.0411
	Hyperglycemic	62	319.11	326.57	231.00	389.00
D-dimer levels on admission	Normoglycemic	186	1.71	4.63	1.00	1.25	0.470
	Hyperglycemic	62	2.15	6.26	0.00	1.00

¹Significant.

²Mann-Whitney U test.

CRP: C-reactive protein; IQR: Interquartile range; LDH: Lactate dehydrogenase; Std dev: Standard deviation.

Table 4 Inflammatory marker levels between the two study groups

Variable	Normoglycemia	Hyperglycemia	Total	P value2
CRP ≥ 100 mg/L	122	36	158	0.29
	65.6%	58.1%	63.7%
Ferritin ≥ 530 ng/mL	65	30	95	0.14
	34.9%	48.4%	38.3%
LDH ≥ 590 U/L	22	12	34	0.021
	11.8%	19.4%	13.7%
D-dimer ≥ 0.5 mg/L	69	23	92	0.76
	37.1%	37.1%	37.1%

¹Significant.

²χ² test.

CRP: C-reactive protein; LDH: Lactate dehydrogenase.

Table 5 Analyses of outcomes

Variable	Normoglycemia	Hyperglycemia	Total	P value2
Mortality	17	15	32	0.0011
	9.1%	24.2%	12.9%
Received remdesivir	83	37	120	0.041
	44.6%	59.7%	48.4%
Received steroids	157	56	213	0.25
	84.4%	90.3%	85.9%

¹Significant.

²χ² test.

Table 6 Analyses of outcomes

Variable	Category	n	Mean	Std dev	Median	IQR	P value2
Length of stay	Normoglycemic	186	6.69	4.38	6.50	6.00	0.0261
	Hyperglycemic	62	8.89	6.80	5.00	6.00

¹Significant.

²Mann-Whitney U test.

IQR: Interquartile range; Std dev: Standard deviation.

Table 7 Binary logistic regression for hyperglycemia

Variable	P value	OR	95%CI for OR
			Lower	Upper
LDH ≥ 590 U/L	0.256	1.623	0.704	3.745
Hypertension	0.375	1.355	0.692	2.651
Mortality	0.0241	2.528	1.129	5.662
ADA	0.256	0.616	0.267	1.421
Received remdesivir	0.120	1.620	0.882	2.974

¹Significant.

ADA American Diabetes Association; CI: Confidence interval; LDH: Lactate dehydrogenase; OR: Odds ratio.