Sex dimorphism and metabolic profiles in management of metabolic-associated fatty liver disease

Table 1 Studies related to “fatty liver disease”, “metabolomics” and “sex”

Ref.	Cohort origin	No. of patients	Sex variable	Platform used	Different metabolites between sexes
Barrea et al[47], 2018	Naples, Italy	137	59 men (43.1%) and 78 women (56.9%)	HPLC-MS	Serum TMAO
Perng et al[48], 2020	Exploring Perinatal Outcomes among Children (EPOCH), USA	395	199 boys (50.7%) and 196 girls (49.3%)	MS	Lipid, amino acid, nucleotide and carbohydrates metabolism pathways
Grzych et al[50], 2020	Antwerp University Hospital (Belgium)	112	53 men (47.3%) and 59 women (52.7%)	MS	Leucine, valine and isoleucine (BCAA)
Ioannou et al[51], 2020	USA	57	51 men (89.5%) and 6 women (10.5%)	LC-MS and NMR	Mainly BCAA, lactate, TMAO, choline and creatinine
McGlinchey et al[52], 2022	UK, France, Germany, Brazil and Italy	627	339 men (54%) and 287 women (45%)	UHPLC coupled to QTOFMS, and GC coupled to QTOFMS	Serum lipids and polar metabolites (lactate, citrate, isoleucine, lysine, alanine, etc.)

BCAA: Branched chain amino acid; GC: Gas chromatography; HPLC-MS: High-performance liquid chromatography – mass spectroscopy; LC-MS: Liquid chromatography – mass spectrometry; MS: Mass spectroscopy; NMR: Nuclear magnetic resonance; QTOFMS: Quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry; TMAO: Trimethylamine-N-oxide; UHPLC: Ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography.