Development and refinement of diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for managing patients with cardiogenic stroke: An arduous journey

Table 1 Diagnostic criteria for cardiogenic stroke[7]

Criteria	Element
A: Essential criteria	Typical clinical manifestations
	Characteristic neuroimaging (brain CT/MRI) findings
B: Supportive criteria	Cardiogenic embolus on echocardiography1
	Arrhythmia on electrocardiogram, especially atrial fibrillation
	Characteristic vascular neuroimaging/cerebral angiography findings2
C: Exclusion of other diseases

¹Intracardiac thrombus, intracardiac vegetation, intracardiac tumor and right-to-left intracardiac shunt.

²An abrupt cut-off of the main trunk or branch of an intracranial large-vessel, in the absence of significant atherosclerotic plaques which cause narrowing of the upstream vessels (e.g., internal carotid artery).

CT: Computed tomography; MRI: Magnetic resonance imaging.